Clifford A Pickover The Medical Book From Witch Doctors to Robot Surgeons 250 Milestones in the History of Medicine Sterling Milestones 2012

A lively, accessible, and fully illustrated guide to the history of medicine, from ancient practices to cutting edge innovations. Clifford Pickover continues his popular series that includes The Physics Book and The Math Book with this volume chronicling the advancement of medicine in 250 entertaining, illustrated landmark events. Touching on such diverse subspecialties as genetics, pharmacology, neurology, sexology, and immunology, Pickover intersperses “obvious” historical milestones—the Hippocratic Oath, general anesthesia, the Human Genome Project—with unexpected and intriguing topics like “truth serum,” the use of cocaine in eye surgery, and face transplants. Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Introduction 10,000 B.C. Witch Doctor 6500 B.C. Trepanation 4000 B.C. Urinalysis 3000 B.C. Sutures 2800 B.C. Glass Eye 2400 B.C. Circumcision 2000 B.C. Ayurvedic Medicine 1600 B.C. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus 1500 B.C. Bloodletting 1000 B.C. Greville Chester Great Toe 600 B.C. Eye Surgery 600 B.C. Sewage Systems 400 B.C. Hippocratic Oath 300 B.C. Huangdi Neijing 100 B.C. Mithridatium and Theriac 70 Abortion 70 Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica 190 Galenic Writings 900 Al-Razi’s Comprehensive Book 1025 Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine 1161 Persecution of Jewish Physicians 1210 Barber Pole 1242 Al-Nafis’s Pulmonary Circulation 1284 Eyeglasses 1346 Biological Weapons 1510 Leonardo’s Anatomical Drawings 1522 Burning of Dr. Wertt 1527 Paracelsus Burns Medical Books 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica 1545 Paré’s “Rational Surgery” 1552 Eustachi’s Rescued Masterpieces 1563 De Praestigiis Daemonum 1564 Condom 1580 Obstetrical Forceps 1597 Tissue Grafting 1601 Acupuncture Compendium 1618 Drawings of Pietro da Cortona 1628 Circulatory System 1642 Murder and Wirsung’s Duct 1652 Lymphatic System 1664 Cranial Nerves Classified 1665 Micrographia 1678 Discovery of Sperm 1679 Brunner’s Glands 1683 Zoo Within Us 1687 Discovery of Sarcoptes Scabiei 1689 Separation of Conjoined Twins 1707 Pulse Watch 1726 Mary Toft’s Rabbits 1733 Cheselden’s Osteographia 1747 Albinus’s Tables of the Human Body 1753 A Treatise on Scurvy 1761 Autopsy 1761 Causes of Cancer 1761 Morgagni’s “Cries of Suffering Organs” 1764 Cerebrospinal Fluid 1772 Exploring the Labyrinth 1774 Hunter’s Gravid Uterus 1784 Hospitals 1784 Lavoisier’s Respiration 1785 Digitalis 1792 Ambulance 1793 Unchaining the Lunatics 1796 Alternative Medicine 1796 Phrenology 1798 Smallpox Vaccination 1809 Cerebellum Function 1811 Bell-Magendie Law 1812 Snow Anesthesia 1812 Women Medical Students 1813 Hysterectomy 1816 Stethoscope 1817 Ligation of the Abdominal Aorta 1825 Leech Therapy 1829 Blood Transfusion 1830 Medical Specialization 1832 Anatomy Act of 1832 1832 Intravenous Saline Solutions 1833 Observations of St. Martin’s Stomach 1842 General Anesthesia 1842 The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain 1846 Panum’s “Measles on the Faroe Islands” 1846 Spirometry 1847 American Medical Association 1847 Semmelweis’s Hand Washing 1848 Appendectomy 1850 Ophthalmoscope 1851 Plaster of Paris Casts 1853 Hypodermic Syringe 1854 Broad Street Pump Handle 1854 Nursing 1855 Cell Division 1857 Treatment of Epilepsy 1858 Gray’s Anatomy 1861 Cerebral Localization 1862 Germ Theory of Disease 1863 Red Cross 1864 Dental Drill 1865 Antiseptics 1865 Mendel’s Genetics 1866 Medical Thermometer 1872 Thyroid Surgery 1873 Cause of Leprosy 1879 Modern Brain Surgery 1881 Sphygmomanometer 1882 Cesarean Section 1882 Koch’s Tuberculosis Lecture 1882 Phagocytosis Theory 1883 Health Insurance 1883 Salpingectomy 1884 Cocaine as Local Anesthetic 1890 Antitoxins 1890 Latex Surgical Gloves 1891 Neuron Doctrine 1892 Discovery of Viruses 1892 Osteopathy 1893 Discovery of Adrenaline 1894 Cause of Bubonic Plague 1895 D.D. Palmer and Chiropractic 1895 X-rays 1897 Cause of Malaria 1899 Aspirin 1899 Defibrillator 1899 Hearing Aids 1899 Psychoanalysis 1902 Caduceus 1902 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 1902 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 1902 Cause of Sleeping Sickness 1902 Vascular Suturing 1903 Electrocardiograph 1903 Radiation Therapy 1904 Halstedian Surgery 1905 Corneal Transplant 1905 Genes and Sex Determination 1906 “Analytic” Vitamin Discovery 1906 Allergies 1906 Alzheimer’s Disease 1906 Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Patent Medicines 1906 Cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 1907 Imprisonment of Typhoid Mary 1907 Searches for the Soul 1910 Chlorination of Water 1910 Ehrlich’s Magic Bullets 1910 Flexner Report and Medical Education 1914 Common Cold 1914 Fluoridated Toothpaste 1914 Neurotransmitters 1916 Heparin 1920 Band-Aid Bandage 1921 Human Growth Hormone 1922 Banishing Rickets 1922 Commercialization of Insulin 1922 Truth Serum 1924 Human Electroencephalogram 1925 Modern Midwifery 1926 Liver Therapy 1927 Sterilization of Carrie Buck 1928 “The Rabbit Died” 1928 Iron Lung 1928 Pap Smear Test 1928 Penicillin 1929 IUD 1929 Maggot Therapy 1929 Medical Self-Experimentation 1933 Jung’s Analytical Psychology 1935 Stanley’s Crystal Invaders 1935 Sulfa Drugs 1937 Antihistamines 1937 Cause of Yellow Fever 1938 Electroconvulsive Therapy 1943 “Autistic Disturbances” 1943 Dialysis 1944 Blalock-Taussig Shunt 1946 Cancer Chemotherapy 1946 Transorbital Lobotomy 1947 Informed Consent 1947 Prosopagnosia 1948 Cortisone 1948 Nerve Growth Factor 1948 Randomized Controlled Trials 1949 Cause of Sickle-Cell Anemia 1949 Mammography 1950 Antipsychotics 1951 HeLa Cells 1951 Tobacco Smoking and Cancer 1952 Amniocentesis 1952 Artificial Heart Valves 1953 DNA Structure 1953 Heart-Lung Machine 1954 Endoscope 1954 Kidney Transplant 1955 Birth-Control Pill 1955 Placebo Effect 1955 Polio Vaccine 1956 Autoimmune Diseases 1956 Bone Marrow Transplant 1956 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 1957 Levodopa for Parkinson’s Disease 1957 Fetal Monitoring 1957 Medical Ultrasound 1958 Artificial Pacemaker for Heart 1958 Hip Replacement 1958 Pineal Body 1959 Nanomedicine 1959 Radioimmunoassay 1959 Structure of Antibodies 1960 Laser 1961 Self-Surgery 1961 Thymus 1962 Cryonics 1962 Mitochondrial Diseases 1962 Thalidomide Disaster 1963 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 1963 Liver Transplant 1963 Lung Transplant 1964 Angioplasty 1964 Beta-Blockers 1964 Hand Transplant 1966 Pancreas Transplant 1967 CAT Scans 1967 Heart Transplant 1967 Hospice 1970 Reverse Transcriptase and AIDS 1972 Cyclosporine 1973 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 1973 Statins 1975 Near-Death Experiences 1976 Oncogenes 1977 Cochlear Implants 1977 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1978 First Test-Tube Baby 1981 Fetal Surgery 1981 Laparoscopic Surgery 1982 Prions 1983 Epigenetics 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction 1984 Peptic Ulcers and Bacteria 1984 Telomerase 1987 Small Bowel Transplant 1990 Gene Therapy 1991 Do Not Resuscitate 1998 RNA Interference 2000 Robotic Surgery 2001 Telesurgery 2003 Human Genome Project 2005 Face Transplant 2006 Growing New Organs 2008 Human Cloning Notes and Further Reading Index Photo Credits About the Author

Following his hugely successful The Math Book and The Physics Book, Clifford Pickover now chronicles the advancement of medicine in 250 entertaining, illustrated landmark events. Touching on such diverse subspecialties as genetics, pharmacology, neurology, sexology, and immunology, Pickover intersperses “obvious” historical milestones—the Hippocratic Oath, general anesthesia, the Human Genome Project—with unexpected and intriguing topics like “truth serum,” the use of cocaine in eye surgery, and face transplants.

Following his hugely successful The Math Book and The Physics Book, Clifford Pickover now chronicles the advancement of medicine in 250 entertaining, illustrated landmark events. Touching on such diverse subspecialties as genetics, pharmacology, neurology, sexology, and immunology, Pickover intersperses "obvious" historical milestones#8212;the Hippocratic Oath, general anesthesia, the Human Genome Project#8212;with unexpected and intriguing topics like "truth serum," the use of cocaine in eye surgery, and face transplants Following his hugely successful The Math Book and The Physics Book, Clifford Pickover now chronicles the advancement of medicine in 250 entertaining, illustrated landmark events. Touching on such diverse subspecialties as genetics, pharmacology, neurology, sexology and immunology, Pickover intersperses obvious historical milestones; the Hippocratic Oath, general anesthesia, the Human Genome Project, with unexpected and intriguing topics like truth serum, the use of cocaine in eye surgery and face transplants Chronologically documents two hundred and fifty medical milestones from 10,000 B.C. to modern times, including the history of separating conjoined twins, the discovery of viruses, and the Human Genome Project