Classical marble : geochemistry, technology, trade ; [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce, Artifacts, IlCiocco, Lucca, Italy, May 9-13, 1988

Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce, Artifacts Marble remains the sine qua non raw material of the an­ cient Greeks and Romans. Beginning in the Bronze Age sculptu­ re began in marble and throughout classical times the most im­ portant statues, reliefs, monuments and inscriptions were made of it. Yet, quarry sources changed in time as preferences for different marbles were influenced by local traditions, the pos­ sibilities of transport, esthetic tastes, and economics. Marble studies and the identification of the provenance of marble can thus reveal much about Greek and Roman history, trade, esthe­ tics and technology. Persons in many disciplines are studying various aspects of Greek and Roman marble usage. Geologists and geochemists are working on methods to determine the provenance of marble; ar­ chaeologists are noting changing patterns of import and use in excavation~ and discovering how improving quarrying techniques and prelimihary dressing of the extracted material influenced the final shape of artifacts; ancient historians are now under­ standing quarry organization and bureaucracies that controlled marble production and trade; art historians are seeing how phy­ sical characteristics of the stone affected the techniques and style of sculpture; architects and engineers are interested in quarry technologies and usage in building construction. These specialists drawn from many disciplines rarely have an opportu­ nity to compare notes and see how each can contribute to the research effort of others. Front Matter....Pages i-xvi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 J.B. Ward-Perkins and the Marble Committee....Pages 3-5 Geology of Greece and Turkey: Potential Marble Source Regions....Pages 7-10 Quarries and the Marble Trade in Antiquity....Pages 11-28 Front Matter....Pages 29-29 Extraction of Blocks in Antiquity: Special Methods of Analysis....Pages 31-39 Problems of Identification and Interpretation of Tool Marks on Ancient Marbles and Decorative Stones....Pages 41-53 Methods of Transporting Blocks in Antiquity....Pages 55-64 The Quarries of Mount Taygetos in the Peloponnesos, Greece....Pages 65-76 Marmora Lunensia: Quarrying Technology and Archeological Use....Pages 77-84 The Geology, Quarrying Technology and Use of Beylerköy Marbles in Western Turkey....Pages 85-89 Numidian Marble and Some of its Specialities....Pages 91-96 The Roman Quarries of Mons Claudianus, Egypt an Interim Report....Pages 97-101 Ancient Granite Quarries on the Bocche di Bonifacio....Pages 103-112 Front Matter....Pages 113-113 The Stages of Workmanship of the Corinthian Capital in Proconnesus and its Export Form....Pages 115-125 The Marble Architectural Elements in Export-Form from the Şile Shipwreck....Pages 127-137 Production Patterns of Sarcophagi in Phrygia....Pages 139-143 Front Matter....Pages 145-145 The Roman Emperors in the Marble Business: Capitalists, Middlemen or Philanthropists?....Pages 147-158 Marble in Cyprus: Classical Times to Middle Ages....Pages 159-159 Marble Imports and Local Stone in the Architectural Decoration of Roman Palestine: Marble Trade, Techniques and Artistical Taste....Pages 161-170 The Introduction of Polychrome Marbles in Late Republican Rome: The Evidence from Mosaic Pavements with Marble Insertions....Pages 171-175 The Marbles Used in the Decoration of Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli....Pages 177-185 Front Matter....Pages 145-145 From West to East: Evidence for a Shift in the Balance of Trade in White Marbles....Pages 187-195 Relationships between Style and Size of Statuary and the Availability of Marble at Cyrene....Pages 197-206 Acrolithic or Pseudo-Acrolithic Sculpture of the Mature Classical Greek Period in the Archaeological Museum of the Johns Hopkins University....Pages 207-217 Material Limitations and Exotic Materials in the Copying of a Hellenistic Statuary Type....Pages 219-228 Marble Veneer from an Urban Archaeological Site in Naples: A Case Study....Pages 229-229 Front Matter....Pages 231-231 Weathering Characteristics, Age, and Provenance Determinations on Ancient Greek and Roman Marble Artifacts....Pages 233-242 A Multi-Method Approach to the Identification of White Marbles Used in Antique Artifacts....Pages 243-250 Provenance Characteristics of Cycladic (Paros and Naxos) Marbles — A Multivariate Geological Approach....Pages 251-262 Chemical and Petrographical Characterization of Greek Marbles from Pentelikon, Naxos, Paros and Thasos....Pages 263-272 Front Matter....Pages 273-273 Provenance Studies of Greek Marbles by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis....Pages 275-281 A Computer-Based Pattern Recognition Approach to the Provenance Study of Mediterranean Marbles Through Trace Elements Analysis....Pages 283-291 Neutron Activation Analysis: A Powerful Technique in Provenance Studies....Pages 293-301 Front Matter....Pages 303-303 The Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Data Base for Classical Marble....Pages 305-314 Geochemistry and Archaeological Geology of the Carrara Marble, Carrara, Italy....Pages 315-323 Variations in Stable Isotopic Compositions of Marble: An Assessment of Causes....Pages 325-338 Variability in Stable Isotope Analysis: Implications for Joining Fragments....Pages 339-346 Statistical Treatment of Stable Isotope Data....Pages 347-354 Front Matter....Pages 355-355 Marble Provenience by Computer-Assisted Analysis of Xeroradiographs....Pages 357-367 ESR Spectroscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffractometry for Marble Provenance Determination....Pages 369-377 The Interest of Pore-Size Distribution in the Identification of Marbles — Suction Tests....Pages 379-385 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Source Analysis of the Raw Materials of Four Classical Marble Sculptures Using Chemical, Microscopic and Isotopic Criteria....Pages 389-398 Determination of the Provenance of Marbles Used in Some Ancient Monuments in Rome....Pages 399-409 The Arch of Constantine: Marble Samples....Pages 411-418 Isotopic Analysis of Seventh-Century B.C. Perirrhanteria....Pages 419-431 The Use of Marble Analysis in Collections of Ancient Sculpture: Some Examples from the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek....Pages 433-442 Provenance Investigation of Marbles from Delphi with ESR Spectroscopy....Pages 443-452 Marble Samples from the Arch of Constantine in Rome: Results of Electron Spin Resonance and Atomic Emission Analysis....Pages 453-462 Front Matter....Pages 463-463 The Decay and Conservation of Marbles on Archaeological Monuments....Pages 465-474 A Computerised System for the Study and Conservation of Opus Sectile Pavements....Pages 475-482 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce, Artifacts, II Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, May 9-13, 1988