Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion: Aims, Methods and Theories of Research. Introduction and Anthology (Religion and Reason)

"Es gilt ein Buch zu besprechen, das allen Fachwissenschaftlern in der Regel schon seit langem bekannt ist, denn die 1973 erschienen Classical Approaches aus der Hand des namhaften niederländischen Religionswissenschaftlers Jacques Waardenburg (emeritiert in Lausanne) stellen geradezu einen modernen internationalen 'Klassiker' für die Einführung in die Disziplingeschichte der Religionswissenschaft dar. __Andreas Grünschloß in: Theologische Literaturzeitung 7/8 2000__ PREFACE INTRODUCTION View of a Hundred Years’ Study of Religion PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL SURVEY Introduction: Up to the middle of the 19th century 1. The study of religion established as an autonomous discipline 2. Connections with other disciplines 3. Religion as a special subject of research 4. Later contributions from other disciplines 5. Perspectives of a phenomenological study of religion LOOKING BACK ANTHOLOGY INTRODUCTORY NOTE PART 1: The Study of Religion established as an Autonomous Discipline 1. F. MAX MÜLLER Biography Plea for a science of religion (from Chips from a German workshop) The comparative study of religions (from Introduction to the science of religion) 2. CORNELIS P. TIELE Biography ‘Elements of the science of religion’ (from Elements of the science of religion, Vols. I and II) 3. PIERRE D. CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE Biography ‘The science of religion’ (from Manual of the science of religion) Phenomenology of religion (from Manual of the science of religion) PART 2: Connections with Other Disciplines 4. JOHANN J. BACHOFEN Biography ‘Symbol and myth’ (from Myth, religion and mother right) Matriarchy and religion (from Myth, religion and mother right) 5. ERNEST RENAN Biography Vindication of a critical mind (from Studies of religious history) 6. N. D. FUSTEL DE COULANGES Biography ‘The necessity of studying the earliest beliefs of the ancients in order to understand their institutions’ (from The ancient city) 7. JULIUS WELLHAUSEN Biography Historical research on the Pentateuch (from Prolegomena to the history of ancient Israel) 8. WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH Biography The study of the religion of the Semites (from Lectures on the religion of the Semites) 9. FRIEDRICH C. G. DELITZSCH Biography ‘Babel and Bible’ (from Babel and Bible, 1st and 2nd Lecture) 10. ALBERT SCHWEITZER Biography ‘The quest of the historical Jesus’ (from The quest of the historical Jesus) 11. WILLIAM JAMES Biography The study of religious experience (from The varieties of religious experience) 12. HERBERT SPENCER Biography ‘Ancestor-worship’ (from The principles of sociology) 13. EDWARD B. TYLOR Biography ‘Animism’ (from Primitive culture) 14. ANDREW LANG Biography ‘The making of religion’ (from The making of religion) 15. JAMES GEORGE FRAZER Biography ‘The golden bough’ and the study of religion (from The golden bough) 16. ROBERT R. MARETT Biography ‘The Tabu-Mana formula as a minimum definition of religion’ 17. WILHELM SCHMIDT Biography ‘The origin and growth of religion’ (from The origin and growth of religion) The quest of the Supreme Being (from High Gods in North America) 18. ARNOLD VAN GENNEP Biography ‘On the method to be followed in the study of rites and myths’ 19. EMILE DURKHEIM Biography ‘The elementary forms of the religious life’ (from The elementary forms of the religious life) Classification systems and religion (from Primitive classification, together with Emile Durkheim) 21. LUCIEN LÉVY-BRUHL Biography ‘Primitive mentality’ and religion (from How natives think) 22. MAX WEBER Biography Symbolic meaning and religion (from The sociology of religion) 23. SIGMUND FREUD Biography Religion as illusion (from The future of an illusion) ‘The question of a Weltanschauung’ (from New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis) The story of religion (from Moses and monotheism) PART 3: Religion as a Special Subject of Research 24. NATHAN SÖDERBLOM Biography ‘The origin of the belief in God’ (from Der Ursprung des Gottesglaubens) ‘The living God’ (from The living God) 25. WILLIAM BREDE KRISTENSEN Biography On the study of religious phenomena (from The meaning of religion) 26. GERARDUS VAN DER LEEUW Biography ‘Some recent achievements of psychological research and their application to history, in particular the history of religion’ On phenomenology and its relation to theology On ‘understanding’ (from Inleiding tot de theologie) ‘Religion in essence and manifestation’ (from Religion in essence and manifestation) Beauty and holiness (from Sacred and profane beauty) 27. RUDOLF OTTO Biography ‘The idea of the holy’ (from The idea of the holy) Religious history (from Religious essays) 28. FRIEDRICH HEILER Biography ‘Prayer’ (from Prayer) ‘The object of the study of religion’ (from Das Gebet) ‘The scholarly study of religion’ (from The manifestations and essence of religion) 29. HEINRICH FRICK Biography ‘The aim of the comparative study of religions (typology)’ (from Vergleichende Religionswissenschaft) 30. JOACHIM WACH Biography Religion and society (from Sociology of religion) On comparative studies in religion (from The comparative study of religion) ‘Universals in religion’ (from Types of religious experience) ‘The concept of the “classical” in the study of religions’ (from Types of religious experience) ‘The meaning and task of the history of religions (Religionswissenschaft)’ PART 4: Later Contributions from Other Disciplines 31. CARL GUSTAV JUNG Biography On ‘psychology of religion’ (from Psychology of religion) On myths and archetypes (from Introduction to a science of mythology) 32. BRONISłAW MALINOWSKI Biography The study of ‘primitive man’ and his religion (from Magic, science and religion) 33. ROBERT H. LOWIE Biography On the term ‘religion’ (from Primitive religion) 34. PAUL RADIN Biography ‘The nature and substance of religion’ (from Primitive religion) ‘Primitive man as philosopher’ (from Primitive man as philosopher) The religious and the non-religious man (from The world of primitive man) 35. ALFRED R. RADCLIFFE-BROWN Biography ‘Religion and society’ 36. MARTIN P. NILSSON Biography On method and theory On the advancements made in the study of Greek religion On religion 37. WALTER F. OTTO Biography On the study of Greek religion: ‘The Homeric Gods’ (from The Homeric Gods) On the Greek Gods and on myth (from Theophania) PART 5: Perspectives of a Phenomenological Study of Religion 38. RAFFAELE PETTAZZONI Biography ‘ “History” and “phenomenology” in the science of religion’ 39. HENDRIK KRAEMER Biography On the presuppositions and limits of the science of religion (from Religion and the Christian faith) 40. MAX SCHELER Biography Psychology, ‘concrete’ and ‘essential’ phenomenology of religion (from On the Eternal in man) 41. GASTON BERGER Biography On phenomenological research in the field of religion SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES INDEX OF SCHOLARLY CONCEPTS INDEX OF CONCRETE SUBJECTS

This is the first book-length functional-typologically inspired crosslinguistic study of comitatives and related categories such as the instrumental. On the basis of data drawn from 400 languages world-wide (covering all major phyla and areas), the authors test and revise a variety of general linguistic hypotheses about the grammar and cognitive foundations of comitatives. Three types of languages are identified according to the morphological treatment of the comitative and its syncretistic association with other concepts. It is shown that the structural behaviour of comitatives is areally biassed and that the languages of Europe tend to diverge from the majority of the world's languages. This has important repercussions for a language-independent definition of the comitative. The supposed conceptual closeness of comitative and instrumental is discussed in some detail and a semantic map of the comitative is put forward. Markedness is the crucial concept for the evaluation of the relation that ties comitatives and instrumentals to each other. In a separate chapter, the diachrony of comitatives is looked into from the perspective of grammaticalisation research. Throughout the book, the argumentation is richly documented by empirical data. The book contains three case-studies of the comitative in Icelandic, Latvian and Maltese - each of which represents one of the three language types identified earlier in the text. For the purpose of comparing the languages of Europe, a chapter is devoted to the analysis of a large parallel literary corpus (covering 64 languages) which reveals that the parameters of genetic affiliation, areal location and typological classification interact in intricate ways when it comes to predicting whether or not two languages of the sample behave similarly as to the use to which they put their comitative morphemes. With a view to determining the degree of similarity between the languages of the European sub-sample, methods of quantitative typology are employed. General linguists with an interest in case, functional typologists, grammaticalisation researchers and experts of markedness issues will value this book as an important contribution to their respective fields of interest.

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This compendious volume consists of two parts: an essay tracing the rise and development of the academic study of religion from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth, referring to the work of some 170 scholars; and an anthology of texts of over 40 well-known scholars, in which they present the particular approach, theory, and methods that they used in their own distinctive contributions to that study. Tracing the rise of the scholarly study of religion from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, this textbook on the history of the scholarly study of religion is suitable for courses on the problems of method and theory as treated by the founders of the discipline.