CIVILIZED SHAMANS: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies (Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry)

Civilized Shamans Examines The Nature And Evolution Of Religion In Tibetan Societies From The Ninth Century Up To The Chinese Occupation In 1950. Geoffrey Samuel Argues That Religion In These Societies Developed As A Dynamic Amalgam Of Strands Of Indian Buddhism And The Indigenous Spirit-cults Of Tibet. Samuel Stresses The Diversity Of Tibetan Societies, Demonstrating That Central Tibet, The Dalai Lama's Government At Lhasa, And The Great Monastic Institutions Around Lhasa Formed Only A Part Of The Context Within Which Tibetan Buddhism Matured. Employing Anthropological Research, Historical Inquiry, Rich Interview Material, And A Deep Understanding Of Religious Texts, The Author Explores The Relationship Between Tibet's Social And Political Institutions And The Emergence Of New Modes Of Consciousness That Characterize Tibetan Buddhist Spirituality.^ Samuel Identifies The Two Main Orientations Of This Religion As Clerical (primarily Monastic) And Shamanic (associated With Tantric Yoga). The Specific Form That Buddhism Has Taken In Tibet Is Rooted In The Pursuit Of Enlightenment By A Minority Of The People - Lamas, Monks, And Yogins - And The Desire For Shamanic Services (in Quest Of Health, Long Life, And Prosperity) By The Majority. Shamanic Traditions Of Achieving Altered States Of Consciousness Have Been Incorporated Into Tantric Buddhism, Which Aims To Communicate With Tantric Deities Through Yoga. The Author Contends That This Incorporation Forms The Basis For Much Of The Tibetan Lamas' Role In Their Society And That Their Subtle Scholarship Reflects The Many Ways In Which They Have Reconciled The Shamanic And Clerical Orientations. This Book, The First Full Account Of Tibetan Buddhism In Two Decades, Ranges As No Other Study Has Over Several Disciplines And Languages, Incorporating Historical And Anthropological Discussion.^ Viewing Tibetan Buddhism As One Of The Great Spiritual And Psychological Achievements Of Humanity, Samuel Analyzes A Complex Society That Combines The Literacy And Rationality Associated With Centralized States With The Shamanic Processes More Familiar Among Tribal Peoples. 1. Introduction: Shamanic And Clerical Buddhism -- 2. Tibetan And Theravadin Societies: A Comparison -- 3. Tibetan Societies: Introduction And Central Tibet -- 4. Tibetan Societies: K'am (eastern Tibet) -- 5. Tibetan Societies: Amdo (northeastern Tibet) -- 6. Tibetan Societies: Southern And Western Tibet -- 7. Tibetan Communities -- 8. Some Conclusions -- 9. The Ritual Cosmos And Its Inhabitants -- 10. The Folk Religion And The Pragmatic Orientation -- 11. The Karma Orientation, Rebirth, And Tibetan Values -- 12. Tantra And The Bodhi Orientation -- 13. The Lama And The Tantric Deities -- 14. Tantra And The Pragmatic Orientation -- 15. Lamas, Monks And Yogins -- 16. Folk Shamans, Terton, And Crazy Siddhas -- 17. Tibetan Religious Communities (gompa) -- 18. Some Recent Lamas -- 19. From Structure To Process -- 20. India: Buddhist Beginnings -- 21. India: Mahayana Schools -- 22. India: Tantra And The Buddhist Siddhas -- 23. Tibet To A.d. 841 -- 24. Tibet: The Local Hegemonic Period -- 25. Tibet: Mongol Overlordship -- 26. Tibet: Gelugpa Synthesis And Shamanic Reaction -- 27. Tibet: Gelugpa Power And The Rimed Synthesis -- 28. Conclusion -- Epilogue: The Tibetans And Tibetan Religion Today -- Appendix 1. The Monastic Population Of Tibet -- Guide To Tibetan Spelling. Geoffrey Samuel. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 635-692) And Index. Contents Preface INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction: Shamanic and Clerical Buddhism 2. Tibetan and Theravadin Societies: A Comparison PART ONE 3. Tibetan Societies: Introduction and Central Tibet 4. Tibetan Societies: K’am (Eastern Tibet) 5. Tibetan Societies: Amdo (Northeastern Tibet) 6. Tibetan Societies: Southern and Western Tibet 7. Tibetan Communities 8. Some Conclusions PART TWO 9. The Ritual Cosmos and Its Inhabitants 10. The Folk Religion and the Pragmatic Orientation 11. The Karma Orientation 12. Tantra and the Bodhi Orientation 13. The Lama and the Tantric Deities 14. Tantra and the Pragmatic Orientation 15. Lamas, Monks, Yogins 16. Folk Shamans 17. Tibetan Religious Communities (Gompa) 18. Some Recent Lamas PART THREE 19. From Structure to Process 20. India: Buddhist Beginnings 21. India: Mahayana Schools 22. India: Tantra and the Buddhist Siddhas 23. Tibet to A.D. 841 24. Tibet: The Local Hegemonic Period 25. Tibet: Mongol Overlordship 26. Tibet: Gelugpa Synthesis and Shamanic Reaction 27. Tibet: Gelugpa Power and the Rimed Synthesis 28. Conclusion Epilogue: The Tibetans and Tibetan Religion Today Appendix 1: The Monastic Population of Tibet Notes Guide to Tibetan Spelling References Index