Civil Society: Concepts, Challenges, Contexts: Essays in Honor of Helmut K. Anheier (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)

This volume is a collection of original essays prepared by colleagues, collaborators, and former students on the occasion of Helmut K. Anheier’s 65th birthday and retirement from the University of Heidelberg. An internationally recognized pioneer of nonprofit and civil society studies, Anheier focused his work on providing clarity around (1) civil society, local and global, observing its origins and trajectory and developing theories to explain it; (2) the nonprofit sector and institutions within and extending from it, including nonprofit organizations, philanthropy and social investment; and (3) culture as it relates to democracy and back to civil society. The essays in this volume refer to these concepts and position them in the context of developments over the last two to three decades. The volume is arranged in three sections. The first section comprises essays that elucidate concepts and probe theories in the field. The second section presents chapters discussing current global challenges and trends in the focal areas. The third and final section then comprises country and regional case studies illustrating important aspects of the global challenges or theoretical issues of the two preceding sections. A fascinating and up-to-date overview of key issues and trends in civil society and nonprofit research by an international collection of eminent scholars in these fields, this book will be attractive to civil society and nonprofit sector researchers as well as a broader academic community of political scientists, sociologists, economists, and cultural experts. Foreword by the Series Editors Foreword Contents About the Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Civil Society Concepts, Challenges, and Contexts: An Introduction to Helmut Anheier’s Festschrift 1.1 Connecting Research and Researchers 1.2 Overview of This Collection 1.2.1 Part I: Developing Concepts and Theoretical Frames 1.2.2 Part II: Charting Global Challenges 1.2.3 Part III: Changing Contexts: Local and Regional Case Studies References Chapter 2: Scholarship, Leadership, and Institution Building: Helmut Anheier and the Nonprofit and Philanthropic Sectors 2.1 The Comparative Study of Nonprofit Organizations 2.2 Governance and Social Innovation 2.3 Philanthropic Foundations 2.4 Concluding Thoughts References Part I: Developing Concepts and Theoretical Frames Chapter 3: The Theory of the Public Sphere Revisited 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Public Sphere 3.3 Changes 3.4 Civil Society 3.5 The Civic Space 3.6 A New Paradigm 3.7 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Dealing with Civility: Citizenship, Real Citizens, and the Science of Civil Society 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Civility 4.3 Civility, Politics, and Civicness 4.4 Good Citizenship According to Citizens 4.5 Volunteering as Civics? 4.6 Civility in Further Research on Civil Society References Chapter 5: Successful Failure: Functions and Dysfunctions of Civil Society Organizations 5.1 On the Nature of Civil Society Organizations 5.2 Why CSOs at All? 5.2.1 The Historical Perspective 5.2.2 The Normative Perspective 5.3 Hybridity and Managerial Ambivalence of CSOs 5.4 The Particular Role of International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) 5.5 Conclusions: Successful Failure of CSOs References Chapter 6: Social Innovation: Not Without Civil Society 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Concept of Social Innovation 6.3 Defining Sectors and Their Failures 6.3.1 The Economy/The Market Sector 6.3.2 The Public Sector 6.3.3 The Third Sector 6.4 Understanding Social Innovations Through a Social Investment Framework 6.4.1 Social Investment Framework 6.4.2 Social Investments in the Process View on Social Innovation 6.4.3 The Legitimacy Test from a Social Investment Perspective 6.5 Social Innovation and Social Investments 6.5.1 Social Innovation: Implementing Solutions for Social Needs—A Process Perspective 6.5.2 Social Economy and Social Innovation: The Legitimacy Perspective 6.5.3 Social Entrepreneurship: Start-Ups and Existing Traditional Nonprofits 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7: The Hiding Hand, Persistent Fragile Action, and Sustainable Development 7.1 Revisiting Concepts and Claims 7.1.1 The Potency and Problems of Robust Action 7.1.2 The Promise and Limits of the Hiding Hand 7.2 Persistent Fragile Action for Sustainable Development 7.2.1 One Case in Point 7.2.2 Many Cases in Point 7.3 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Using the System of National Accounts Framework to Measure Social Impacts of Social Economy Institutions 8.1 Challenges in Measuring Social Economy Impacts 8.2 Social Economy in the System of National Accounts 8.3 Social Economy Contribution Model 8.4 Conclusions References Chapter 9: From Anheier’s Civil Society Diamond to a Principled Fundraising Jurisprudence for Civil Society 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Civil Society Diamond 9.3 A Jurisprudence Developed from the Civil Society Diamond 9.3.1 Introduction to a Jurisprudence for Civil Society 9.3.2 Association Law 9.3.3 Benefit Law 9.4 Applying the Jurisprudence to Reform of Fundraising Law 9.4.1 Introducing Problems, Paradoxes, and Puzzles in Fundraising Law Reform 9.4.2 Problems 9.4.3 Paradoxes 9.4.4 Puzzles 9.4.5 Why Focus on Australian Problems, Paradoxes, and Puzzles? 9.5 The Civil Society Diamond Leads to Three Principles 9.5.1 The Equality Principle 9.5.1.1 Cases that Illustrate the Need for Reform Based on the Equality Principle 9.5.1.2 Applications of the Equality Principle to Fundraising Law Reform in Australia 9.5.2 The Enabling Principle 9.5.2.1 The Enabling Principle Draws from the Ideas Embedded in Association Law 9.5.2.2 Applications of the Enabling Principle to Fundraising Law Reform in Australia 9.5.3 The Encouraging Principle 9.5.3.1 The Encouraging Principle Draws from the Ideas Embedded in Benefit Law 9.5.3.2 Applications of the Encouraging Principle to Fundraising Law Reform in Australia 9.6 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Legitimizing Foundations: Roles, Expectations, and Regulation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Expectations, Roles, and Functions 10.3 Waves of Foundation Criticism and Regulation 10.3.1 Twentieth-Century Scrutiny of US Foundations 10.3.2 First Modern Wave of Criticism (1990s–2000s) 10.3.3 Reaction to Criticisms: The Rise and Fall of Strategic Philanthropy 10.3.4 Philanthropic Hegemony: The Second Modern Wave of Criticism (2010s) 10.4 Broadening the Roles’ Framework References Chapter 11: Foundations and Democracy: The Changing Case for the Defense 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Work in Progress 11.3 Finding a Role 11.4 Spirits of Philanthropy? References Chapter 12: Foundations: Is Measurement the Enemy of Creativity? 12.1 The Social Role of Philanthropy 12.2 Foundations, Creativity, and Social Innovation 12.3 Rigorous Evaluation 12.4 When Innovation Fails References Part II: Charting Global Challenges Chapter 13: Planetary Politics: Reviving the Spirit of the Concept “Global Civil Society” 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Concept “Global Civil Society”: Historical Context and Purpose 13.3 The Taming of the Concept “Global Civil Society” 13.4 Planetary Politics: Reviving the Spirit of the Concept “Global Civil Society” 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Global Civil Society in Retreat: Is It Cyclical or Existential? 14.1 External Threats 14.2 Internal Challenges 14.3 From an English to a French Garden? References Chapter 15: The Offensive Against Global Civil Society: Diffusion of NGO Restrictions 15.1 The NGO Restriction Cascade 15.2 Illiberal Norm Diffusion: Learning from Examples 15.3 Data and Patterns of Adoption 15.4 Learning from Examples: Findings from Text Comparisons 15.4.1 Egypt to Middle East and East Africa: Double Permissions for In-Country Activities 15.4.2 An African Cycle: Monitoring NGOs Through a Regulatory Board 15.4.3 Implications 15.5 Conclusions References List of Laws with Full Titles and Sources Chapter 16: Civil Society Actors in International Cultural Diplomacy 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Civil Society Actors in Cultural Diplomacy 16.2.1 International Cultural Relations: Upsides and Downsides 16.2.2 Some European Responsibilities 16.3 Toward International Cultural Relations as a Bourdieusian “Field” References Chapter 17: Arts, Cultural Participation, and Democracy: Analyzing the Indicator Framework on Culture and Democracy 17.1 Developing the IFCD 17.2 The Setup of the Final IFCD 17.3 Comparing Countries with the IFCD 17.4 Future Paths 17.4 Appendix: Cluster Assignment of Countries References Chapter 18: Global Civil Religion 18.1 The Moral and Spiritual Dimension of Global Civil Society 18.2 Is Global Civil Religion Possible? References Chapter 19: Civil Society and the Problem of Knowledge 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Lippmann-Dewey Debate 19.2.1 Lippmann’s Structural Barriers 19.2.2 Dewey’s Reflective Intelligence 19.3 Dealing with Information Excess 19.3.1 Adaptive Strategies 19.3.2 Creative Strategies 19.4 Reluctant Publics 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: The Dark Side of the Nonprofit Sector: Polarization in Contemporary Society 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Empirical Observations 20.3 Why Are People More Generous Toward Others with Similar Identities? 20.4 The Nonprofit Sector: Arising from Diversity and Deepening Differences 20.4.1 Demand and Supply of Nonprofit Organizations Are Grounded in Diversity 20.4.2 In-Group Orientation and the Sustainability of Nonprofit Organizations 20.5 Dynamics Over Time: From Splintering to Fragmentation and Polarization 20.6 Conclusions References Part III: Changing Contexts: Local and Regional Case Studies Chapter 21: Civil Society Encroachment in Nonliberal Democracies: The Case of Israel 21.1 Democratic Regression 21.2 Drift to the Right and Rise of Nationalism and Populism 21.3 Manifestations in the Israeli Context 21.4 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Policy Controversies and Challenges for Organized Civil Society: The Case of England Before the COVID-19 Crisis 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Initial Characterization: Traditions, Rhetorics, and Ideologies 22.3 A Widening Rhetoric–Reality Gap 22.3.1 Volunteerism and Governance 22.3.2 Policy Climate Developments 22.4 New High Stakes Dimensions in Play: Mediatization and Brexit References Chapter 23: Transformation of Civil Society Organization Functions in Modern Russia 23.1 Civil Society in Russia: Its Multiple Conceptions and Definition of the Notion 23.2 Socializing and Mobilizing Functions 23.3 The Increased Role of the Service Function References Chapter 24: The Skeptic Who Came in from the Cold? The Formation of a Climate-Skeptic Alliance in Germany 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Climate Skepticism on the Rise: Civil Society Gone Bad? 24.3 Civil Society as Hotbed for Climate Skepticism? 24.4 Methodological Approach 24.5 Findings 24.6 Conclusion and Outlook: German Civil Society as a Battleground for Climate Politics References Chapter 25: The Recent Evolution of Foundations in France 25.1 Introduction 25.2 More Favorable Legislation: 2003 and 2008 Acts 25.3 The Landscape of Foundations Today 25.4 Analysis of the Recent Growth of Foundations 25.5 Deeply Rooted Cultural Causes Explain the Persistent Disaffection of the French with Regard to Foundations 25.6 Conclusion References Chapter 26: Pluralism and Inequality: Brief Reflections on Philanthropic Foundations and Their Study in the United States 26.1 American Philanthropic Foundations: Basic Definitions and Uses 26.2 The Values Dimension in Discussions of Foundations and Public Policy 26.3 Nineteenth-Century American Foundations: Values and Conflicts 26.4 The Exceptional Decades of the Early Twentieth Century 26.5 Pluralism and Equality: Challenges and Best Practices References Chapter 27: Businesses as Civil Society Actors? An Analysis Based on German Company Data 27.1 Concepts Matter: The Changing Business Landscape 27.2 Data Matters: Observing Organizational Behavior 27.2.1 Macroperspective: The Business Landscape in Germany 27.2.2 Industry Perspective: Growing Relevance 27.2.3 Actors’ Perspective: The Role of Stakeholders 27.2.4 Here to Stay: The (Social) Innovation Agenda 27.3 Conclusion: The New Governance of Business References Chapter 28: Scenarios for Civil Society Impact in Norway 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Four Roles and the Overall Norwegian Position 28.3 State and Civil Society in Norway 28.3.1 The Growth and Maturation of the Welfare State 28.3.2 What Was Later to Come 28.4 The Scenarios: Challenges and Opportunities of Civil Society Organizations in Norway 28.4.1 New Public Management 28.4.2 Civil Involvement 28.4.3 Accountability 28.4.4 Innovation 28.5 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 29: Women in the German Nonprofit Sector: Working Conditions and Promotion Opportunities 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Design and Execution of the Study 29.3 Findings 29.3.1 The German Nonprofit Sector as a Labor Market for Women 29.3.2 The Presence of Women at the Management Level in NPOs 29.4 NPOs as Employers and Working Environments: Opportunities and Obstacles for Women’s Career Advancement 29.4.1 Work and Employment in Transition: An Opportunity for Women 29.4.2 General Career Obstacles: Thinking Patterns or Gender Stereotypes 29.4.3 NPO-Specific Factors and Their Impact as a Career Hurdle for Women 29.5 Change Requirements from the Point of View of Employees and HR Managers 29.6 Conclusion and Recommended Action References Chapter 30: Los Angeles and the State of the Nonprofit Sector: A Review of Findings and Examination of Three Theses 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Role of the Nonprofit Sector 30.3 Case Study: The Los Angeles Nonprofit Sector 30.4 State of the Nonprofit Sector in Los Angeles: A Brief Summary of Early Findings 30.4.1 Underlying Themes 30.4.2 Summary of Findings 30.4.3 Summary of Recommendations 30.5 State of the Nonprofit Sector in Los Angeles Since 2006 30.6 Hypotheses 30.6.1 Hypothesis 1: New Public Management Argument 30.6.2 Hypothesis 2: Neo-Tocquevillian and Social Capital Argument 30.6.3 Hypothesis 3: Social Accountability Argument 30.7 Discussion and Conclusion References Appendix: Helmut K. Anheier’s Publications Authored Books Special Journal Issues Edited Books Articles in Journals Contributions to Edited Volumes Encyclopedia Entries Selected Other Contributions (e.g., Reports, Commissioned Studies, Working Papers, Book Reviews) Blogs and Related Contributions (Selection) Index Chapter 1: Civil Society Concepts, Challenges, and Contexts: An Introduction to Helmut Anheier's Festschrift -- Chapter 2: Scholarship, Leadership, and Institution Building: Helmut Anheier and the Nonprofit and Philanthropic Sectors -- Part I: Developing Concepts and Theoretical Frames -- Chapter 3: The Theory of the Public Sphere Revisited -- Chapter 4: Dealing with Civility: Citizenship, Real Citizens and the Science of Civil Society -- Chapter 5: Successful Failure: Functions and Dysfunctions of Civil Society Organizations -- Chapter 6: Social Innovation - Not Without Civil Society -- Chapter 7: The Hiding Hand, Persistent Fragile Action, and Sustainable Development -- Chapter 8: Using the System of National Accounts Framework to Measure Social Impacts of Social Economy Institutions -- Chapter 9: From Anheier's Civil Society Diamond to a Principled Fundraising Jurisprudence for Civil Society -- Chapter 10: Legitimizing Foundations: Functions, Expectations, and Regulation -- Chapter 11: Foundations and Democracy: The Changing Case for the Defense -- Chapter 12: Foundations: Is Measurement the Enemy of Creativity -- Part II: Charting Global Challenges -- Chapter 13: Planetary Politics: Reviving the Spirit of the Concept “Global Civil Society” -- Chapter 14: Global Civil Society in Retreat: Is It Cyclical or Existential -- Chapter 15: The Offensive Against Global Civil Society: Diffusion of NGO Restrictions -- Chapter 16: Civil Society Actors in International Cultural Diplomacy -- Chapter 17: Arts, Cultural Participation, and Democracy. Analyzing the Indicator Framework on Culture and Democracy -- Chapter 18: Global Civil Religion -- Chapter 19: Civil Society and the Problem of Knowledge -- Chapter 20: The Dark Side of the Nonprofit Sector: Polarization in Contemporary Society -- Part III: Changing Contexts: Local and Regional Case Studies -- Chapter 21: Civil Society Encroachment in Non-liberal Democracies: The Case of Israel -- Chapter 22: Policy Controversies and Challenges for Organized Civil Society: The Case of England Before the COVID-19 Crisis -- Chapter 23: Transformation of Civil Society Organization Functions in Modern Russia -- Chapter 24: The Skeptic Who Came in from the Cold? The Formation of a Climate-skeptic Alliance in Germany -- Chapter 25: The Recent Evolution of Foundations in France -- Chapter 26: Pluralism and Inequality: Brief Reflections on Philanthropic Foundations and their Study in the United States -- Chapter 27: Businesses as Civil Society Actors? An Engagement and Cooperation Analysis Based on German Company Data -- Chapter 28: Scenarios for Civil Society Impact in Norway -- Chapter 29: Women in the German Nonprofit Sector: Working Conditions and Promotion Opportunities -- Chapter 30: Los Angeles and the State of the Nonprofit Sector: A Review of Findings and Examination of Three Theses -- Appendix: Helmut K. Anheier's publications -- Index