Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action From Gandhi to the Present

Civil resistance--non-violent action against such challenges as dictatorial rule, racial discrimination and foreign military occupation--is a significant but inadequately understood feature of world politics. Especially through the peaceful revolutions of 1989, it has helped to shape the world we live in. Civil Resistance and Power Politics covers most of the leading cases, including the actions master-minded by Gandhi, the US civil rights struggle in the 1960s, the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, the 'people power' revolt in the Philippines in the 1980s, the campaigns against apartheid in South Africa, the various movements contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1989-91, and, in this century, the 'colour revolutions' in Georgia and Ukraine. The chapters, written by leading experts, are richly descriptive and analytically rigorous. This book addresses the complex interrelationship between civil resistance and other dimensions of power. It explores the question of whether civil resistance should be seen as potentially replacing violence completely, or as a phenomenon that operates in conjunction with, and modification of, power politics. It looks at cases where campaigns were repressed, including China in 1989 and Burma in 2007. It notes that in several instances, including Northern Ireland, Kosovo and Georgia, civil resistance movements were followed by the outbreak of armed conflict. It also includes a chapter with new material from Russian archives showing how the Soviet leadership responded to civil resistance, and a comprehensive bibliographical essay. Illustrated throughout with a remarkable selection of photographs, this uniquely wide-ranging and path-breaking study is written in an accessible style and is intended for the general reader as well as for students of Modern History, Politics, Sociology and International Relations. This Book Addresses The Complex Interrelationship Between Civil Resistance And Other Dimensions Of Power. It Explores The Question Of Whether Civil Resistance Should Be Seen As Potentially Replacing Violence Completely, Or As A Phenomenon That Operates In Conjunction With, And Modification Of, Power Politics. It Looks At Cases Where Campaignswere Repressed, Including China In 1989 And Burma In 2007. It Notes That In Several Instances, Including Northern Ireland, Kosovo, And Georgia, Civil Resistance Movements Were Followed By The Outbreak Of Armed Conflict. It Also Includes A Chapter With New Material From Russian Archives Showing How The Soviet Leadership Responded To Civil Resistance, And A Comprehensive Bibliographical Essay.--jacket. Introduction / Adam Roberts -- People Power And Protest : The Literature On Civil Resistance In Historical Context / April Carter -- Gandhi And Civil Resistance In India, 1917-47 : Key Issues / Judith M. Brown -- The Us Civil Rights Movement : Power From Below And Above, 1945-70 / Doug Mcadam -- The Interplay Of Non-violent And Violent Action In Northern Ireland, 1967-72 / Richard English -- The Dialectics Of Empire : Soviet Leaders And The Challenge Of Civil Resistance In East-central Europe, 1968-91 / Mark Kramer -- Civil Resistance In Czechoslovakia : From Soviet Invasion To 'velvet Revolution', 1968-89 / Kieran Williams -- Towards 'self-limiting Revolution' : Poland, 1970-89 / Aleksander Smolar -- Portugal : 'the Revolution Of The Carnations', 1974-75 / Kenneth Maxwell -- Mass Protests In The Iranian Revolution, 1977-79 / Ervand Abrahamian -- 'people Power' In The Philippines, 1983-86 / Amado Mendoza Jr. -- Political Mass Mobilization Against Authoritarian Rule : Pinochet's Chile, 1983-88 / Carlos Huneeus -- The Interplay Of Non-violent And Violent Action In The Movement Against Apartheid In South Africa, 1983-94 / Tom Lodge -- The Intersection Of Ethnic Nationalism And People Power Tactics In The Baltic States, 1987-91 / Mark R. Beissinger -- The 1989 Demonstrations In Tiananmen Square And Beyond : Echoes Of Gandhi / Merle Goldman -- Civil Resistance And Civil Society : Lessons From The Collapse Of The German Democratic Republic In 1989 / Charles S. Maier -- The Limits Of Prudence : Civil Resistance In Kosovo, 1990-98 / Howard Clark -- Civil Society Versus Slobodan Milošević : Serbia, 1991-2000 / Ivan Vejvoda -- Georgia's 'rose Revolution' Of 2003 : Enforcing Peaceful Change / Stephen Jones -- Ukraine's 'orange Revolution' Of 2004 : The Parad-xes Of Negotiation / Andrew Wilson -- The Moment Of The Monks : Burma, 2007 / Christina Fink -- A Century Of Civil Resistance : Some Lessons And Questions / Timothy Garton Ash. Edited By Adam Roberts, Timothy Garton Ash. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Contents......Page 10 List of Illustrations......Page 12 List of Contributors......Page 17 List of Initial Questions......Page 21 1. Introduction......Page 24 2. People Power and Protest: The Literature on Civil Resistance in Historical Context......Page 48 3. Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47: Key Issues......Page 66 4. The US Civil Rights Movement: Power from Below and Above, 1945–70......Page 81 5. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72......Page 98 6. The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91......Page 114 7. Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to ‘Velvet Revolution’, 1968–89......Page 133 8. Towards ‘Self-limiting Revolution’: Poland, 1970–89......Page 150 9. Portugal: ‘The Revolution of the Carnations’, 1974–75......Page 167 10. Mass Protests in the Iranian Revolution, 1977–79......Page 185 11. ‘People Power’ in the Philippines, 1983–86......Page 202 12. Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet’s Chile, 1983–88......Page 220 13. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in the Movement against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983–94......Page 236 14. The Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States, 1987–91......Page 254 15. The 1989 Demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and Beyond: Echoes of Gandhi......Page 270 16. Civil Resistance and Civil Society: Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989......Page 283 17. The Limits of Prudence: Civil Resistance in Kosovo, 1990–98......Page 300 18. Civil Society versus Slobodan Milošević: Serbia, 1991-2000......Page 318 19. Georgia’s ‘Rose Revolution’ of 2003: Enforcing Peaceful Change......Page 340 20. Ukraine’s ‘Orange Revolution’ of 2004: The Paradoxes of Negotiation......Page 358 21. The Moment of the Monks: Burma, 2007......Page 377 22. A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions......Page 394 B......Page 416 C......Page 417 E......Page 419 G......Page 420 H......Page 421 K......Page 422 L......Page 423 M......Page 424 O......Page 425 P......Page 426 S......Page 427 U......Page 430 W......Page 431 Z......Page 432 This widely-praised book identified peaceful struggle as a key phenomenon in international politics a year before the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt confirmed its central argument. Civil resistance - non-violent action against such challenges as dictatorial rule, racial discrimination and foreign military occupation - is a significant but inadequately understood feature of world politics. Especially through the peaceful revolutions of 1989, and the developments in the Arab world since December 2010, it has helped to shape the world we live in. Civil Resistance and Power Politics covers most of the leading cases, including the actions master-minded by Gandhi, the US civil rights struggle in the 1960s, the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, the'people power'revolt in the Philippines in the 1980s, the campaigns against apartheid in South Africa, the various movements contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in 1989-91, and, in this century, the'colour revolutions'in Georgia and Ukraine. The chapters, written by leading experts, are richly descriptive and analytically rigorous. This book addresses the complex interrelationship between civil resistance and other dimensions of power. It explores the question of whether civil resistance should be seen as potentially replacing violence completely, or as a phenomenon that operates in conjunction with, and modification of, power politics. It looks at cases where campaigns were repressed, including China in 1989 and Burma in 2007. It notes that in several instances, including Northern Ireland, Kosovo and, Georgia, civil resistance movements were followed by the outbreak of armed conflict. It also includes a chapter with new material from Russian archives showing how the Soviet leadership responded to civil resistance, and a comprehensive bibliographical essay. Illustrated throughout with a remarkable selection of photographs, this uniquely wide-ranging and path-breaking study is written in an accessible style and is intended for the general reader as well as for students of Modern History, Politics, Sociology, and International Relations. Contents 10 List of Illustrations 12 List of Contributors 17 List of Initial Questions 21 1. Introduction 24 2. People Power and Protest: The Literature on Civil Resistance in Historical Context 48 3. Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47: Key Issues 66 4. The US Civil Rights Movement: Power from Below and Above, 1945–70 81 5. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72 98 6. The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91 114 7. Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to ‘Velvet Revolution’, 1968–89 133 8. Towards ‘Self-limiting Revolution’: Poland, 1970–89 150 9. Portugal: ‘The Revolution of the Carnations’, 1974–75 167 10. Mass Protests in the Iranian Revolution, 1977–79 185 11. ‘People Power’ in the Philippines, 1983–86 202 12. Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet’s Chile, 1983–88 220 13. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in the Movement against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983–94 236 14. The Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States, 1987–91 254 15. The 1989 Demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and Beyond: Echoes of Gandhi 270 16. Civil Resistance and Civil Society: Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 283 17. The Limits of Prudence: Civil Resistance in Kosovo, 1990–98 300 18. Civil Society versus Slobodan Milošević: Serbia, 1991-2000 318 19. Georgia’s ‘Rose Revolution’ of 2003: Enforcing Peaceful Change 340 20. Ukraine’s ‘Orange Revolution’ of 2004: The Paradoxes of Negotiation 358 21. The Moment of the Monks: Burma, 2007 377 22. A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions 394 Index 416 A 416 B 416 C 417 D 419 E 419 F 420 G 420 H 421 I 422 J 422 K 422 L 423 M 424 N 425 O 425 P 426 Q 427 R 427 S 427 T 430 U 430 V 431 W 431 Y 432 Z 432