City Responses to Disruptions in 2020: From Lockdowns to Aftermath (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)

This book presents the integrating of economics and urban geography to create a framework of cooperation around the idea of urban economic stability. It explores these disciplines through the economic lens and creates a collaborative environment for addressing the global challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and future global shocks. Environmental advocates and proponents of economic growth are increasingly at odds―having looked at the economic impact of the decline of the environment as well as the environmental loss that occurs with unchecked growth and urbanization. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic changed the global scene. The world shook in its foundations, as a number of countries’ lockdown affected not only the global economy but also society and the environment. The global community has seen the negative impact of COVID-19 on our economies. There have been steep declines in gross domestic product, job losses have been in the millions, and people have seen their incomes fall. An unplanned shutdown has taken its toll and has been a shock to the economies of the world. Past shocks and how they have impacted urban economies as well as for how long are core to bettering our understanding of present and future urban economic change. The underlying economic factors that make a shock more damaging to certain economies or industries, as well as understanding these vulnerabilities, help entities recover from economic shocks and allow them to better understand how impacts on individual businesses can be implemented. The pandemic revealed the need to adopt a global development approach, taking into consideration four dimensions: global value chains, debt, digitalization, and the environment. Topics related to the causation and lockdown are explored through a number of case studies from around the world. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Urban Shocks from 2020: The Big Picture and Moving Forward 1 Introduction 2 Navigating Impact Shocks: Analyzing Urban Economies and Fostering Resilience in Uncertain Times 3 Synopsis of the Book 4 Concluding Remarks References The Impact of Policies on Cities’ Resilience in Canada: A Multi-scalar Approach 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Local Resilience, Determinants, and Shocks 2.2 COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Data and Methods 3.1 Data 3.2 Methods 4 Results 4.1 Local Resilience 4.2 Stringency Measures and Local Resilience 4.3 Decomposing Local Resilience 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Why is Landscape Architecture Crucial for COVID-19 Recovery and Future Urban Shocks and Stresses? 1 Introduction 2 What is Landscape Architecture? 3 Landscape Architecture Promotes Healthy, Climate-Smart, and Resilient Communities 4 Green Recovery and Landscape Architecture 5 Conclusion References Transformation of Public Spaces Through Emergency Urbanism: Lessons from Toronto, Recife, and New York 1 Introduction 2 Urban Interventions in Emergency Situations 3 The Pandemic Context, the Transformation of Public Spaces: Toronto, Recife, and New York 3.1 Toronto 3.2 Recife 3.3 New York City 4 Conclusions References Informalized Workforce of Women Domestic Workers: Case of Bengaluru Metropolitan Region 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Bengaluru Metropolitan Region: Case Study 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Impact of Pandemic on Women’s Choices: Experiences of Women Domestic Workers 4.2 Role of Stakeholders in the Welfare of Women Domestic Workers 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Critique of the Indonesian Omnibus Law Regime: Misguided Interpretation in Narrating “Village Owned Enterprises” 1 Introduction 2 The Shift of Village Economic Policy After the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Understanding the Design of Indonesia’s Economy Democracy 4 The Structure of Village-Owned Enterprises: BUMDes 4.1 Status of and Problem with BUMDes as a Legal Entity and Elaboration of a Fault in Current BUMDes Regime 4.2 Cooperatives as an Alternative for BUMDes 5 Conclusions References Environmental Footprint for the Accumulation of Plastic Waste During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Footprint and the Filtration Efficiency of Masks 3 The Environmental Footprint from the Launching of the Vaccination Drive 3.1 Exploring Alternative Vaccine Packaging Materials and Delivery Options 3.2 Environmental Footprints of Household Uses of SUPs as Domestic Precautionary Measures Against COVID-19 4 Plastic Policies Under the COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Environmental Consequences 5 Policy Recommendations 6 Concluding Remarks Appendix 1 References Urbanization and CO2 Emissions: Panel Data Analysis of EU Countries 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Economic Growth and the CO2 Emissions Nexus 2.2 Economic Growth and the Energy Consumption Nexus 2.3 Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, and the CO2 Emissions Nexus 2.4 Economic Growth and the Urbanization Nexus 2.5 Renewables and Nuclear Energy 3 Data and Methods 3.1 Descriptive Statistics 3.2 Overview of the Methods for Investigating the Relationship Between Variables 4 Preliminary Analysis 5 Results: Model Development 5.1 Multiple Regression 5.2 Threshold Models 5.3 Panel Models 5.4 Panel Threshold Model 5.5 Panel Unit Root Tests 5.6 Panel Cointegration Tests 5.7 Long-Run and Short-Run Estimation 6 Conclusions References E-Scooter Sharing and COVID-19 Impacts on the Bike Sharing Market in Polish Cities 1 Introduction and Literature Review 2 Bike Sharing and E-Scooter Sharing Systems in Poland Before the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Bike Sharing and e-scooter Sharing Systems in Poland During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Concluding Remarks References Impact of the Global Pandemic on the Activities and Preparedness of Protection, Rescue, and Relief Services in Slovenia 1 Introduction 2 System of Protection Against Natural and Other Disasters in Slovenia 3 Protection, Rescue, and Relief Forces 4 Voluntary Firefighting Organization in Slovenia 4.1 Activities, Education, and Training of Volunteer Firefighters 4.2 Basic Training 4.3 Supplementary Training 5 The COVID-19 Pandemic in Slovenia 6 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Activities of the Volunteer Firefighting System in Slovenia 6.1 Impact of Reduced Education Activities 6.2 Impact of the Pandemic on the Organization’s Operational and Social Activities 7 Conclusions References The Role of Urbanization on Temperature and Precipitation in Africa 1 Understanding Global Urbanization Trends 2 Effects of Urbanization on Climate Change 2.1 Theoretical Synthesis 2.2 Empirical Synthesis 3 Building an Empirical Strategy to Assess the Role of Urbanization on Climate Change in Africa 3.1 Empirical Model 3.2 Estimation Method 3.3 Data 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Baseline Results 4.2 Robustness Analysis 4.3 Sensibility Results 5 Conclusion References Glossary References Index