City Politics, Pearson EText : The Political Economy of Urban America

This text provides a foundation for understanding the politics of America's cities and urban regions. Praised for the clarity of its writing, careful research, and distinctive theme - that urban politics in the United States has evolved as a dynamic interaction among governmental power, private actors, and a politics of identity - City Politics remains a classic study of urban politics. Cover 2 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Brief Contents 5 Table of Contents 7 Preface 12 1 City Politics in America: An Introduction 14 Three Themes 15 The Politics of Growth 17 The Politics of Governance 19 The Fragmented Metropolis 21 The Challenge of the Global Era 23 Part I The Origins of American Urban Politics: The First Century 25 2 The Enduring Legacy 26 National Development and the Cities 26 Outtake: City Building has Always Required Public Efforts 26 A Century of Urban Growth 28 Inter-Urban Rivalries 31 Industrialization and Community 35 The Immigrant Tide 38 The Capacity to Govern 42 The Limited Powers of Cities 46 3 Party Machines and the Immigrants 51 Machines and Machine-Style Politics 51 Outtake: Machines Had Two Sides 52 The Origins of Machine Politics 54 Did Machines “Get the Job Done”? 57 Were Machines Vehicles of Upward Mobility? 60 Did the Machines Help Immigrants Assimilate?. 62 The Social Reform Alternative 64 Ethnic Politics in Today’s Cities 67 4 The Reform Crusades 72 The Reformers’ Aims 72 Outtake: Municipal Reform was Aimed at the Immigrants 73 The Fertile Environment for Reform 74 The Campaigns Against Machine Rule 76 “Efficiency and Economy” in Municipal Affairs 81 The Business Model 84 Commission and Manager Government 86 Did Reform Kill the Machines? 89 The Reform Legacy 90 5 Urban Voters and the Rise of a National Democratic Majority 97 City and Nation in the Twentieth Century 97 Outtake: Urban Ethnics Became a Mainstay of the Democratic Party 97 A New Political Consciousness 99 The Changing Political Balance 101 The Depression and the Cities 103 Cities Gain a Voice 107 The Urban Programs of the New Deal 110 The New Deal Legacy. 113 Part II The Urban Crisis of the Twentieth Century 117 6 The City/Suburban Divide 118 A Century of Demographic Change 119 Outtake: Anti-Immigrant Passions Have Reached a Fever Pitch 119 Streams of Migration 121 Racial Conflict in The Postwar Era 125 The Suburban Exodus 129 The Rise of the Multiethnic Metropolis 135 Has the Urban Crisis Disappeared? 140 7 National Policy and the City/Suburban Divide 146 The Unintended Consequences of National Policies 146 Outtake: Highway Programs Contributed to the Decline of the Cities 146 The Politics of Slum Clearance 148 How Local Politics Shaped Urban Renewal 150 Racial Segregation and “The Projects” 154 National Policy and Suburban Development 156 Suburbs, Highways, and the Automobile 161 The Damaging Effects of National Policies 164 8 Federal Programs and the Divisive Politics of Race 168 The Brief Life of Inner-City Programs 168 Outtake: Racial Divisions Eventually Doomed Urban Programs 168 The Democrats and the Cities 170 The Republicans and the New Federalism 174 President Carter and the Democrats’ Last Hurrah 176 Republicans and the End of Federal Assistance 178 Political Reality and Urban Policy 181 The Cities’ Fall from Grace 183 The End of Urban Policy 185 9 The Rise of the Sunbelt 188 A Historic Shift 188 Outtake: The Electoral College Favors the Sunbelt 188 The Concept of the Sunbelt 190 Regional Shifts 193 Why the Sunbelt Prospered 196 The Changing Politics of Sunbelt Cities 199 Regional Convergence and National Politics 202 Part III The Fractured Metropolis 206 10 The Rise of the Fragmented Metropolis 207 Metropolitan Turf Wars 207 Outtake: There Is a Debate about Gated Communities 207 How the Suburbs Became Segregated 209 The Imperative of Racial Segregation 212 Walling Off the Suburbs: Incorporation 215 Walling Off the Suburbs: Zoning 218 The Challenge to Exclusionary Zoning 221 The New Face of Enclave Politics 223 11 Governing the Fragmented Metropolis 226 The Byzantine (Dis)Organization of Urban Regions 226 Outtake: The Costs of Sprawl are Hotly Debated 226 The New Urban Form 229 The Concerns about Sprawl 231 A History of Metro Gov 235 The New Regionalism 239 Smart Growth 241 The New Urbanism 244 The Prospect for Reform 247 12 The Metropolitan Battleground 251 The Competition for Fiscal Resources 251 Outtake: Hundreds of Little Hoovers Make the Economic Crisis Worse 251 Cities in the U.S. Federal System 253 Where the Money Goes 255 Where the Money Comes From 259 The Municipal Bond Market 265 The Rise of Special Authorities 269 Fiscal Gamesmanship 271 13 The Renaissance of the Metropolitan Center 275 The Unexpected Recovery of the Central Cities 275 Outtake: Baltimore’s Revival Is Debated 276 The Decline of Downtown 278 Globalization and the Downtown Renaissance 280 The New Urban Culture 283 Tourism and Entertainment 284 Old and New Downtowns 294 14 Governing the Divided City 299 A Delicate Balancing Act 299 Outtake: Multiethnic Coalitions Are Hard to Keep Together 300 The Recent Revolution in Urban Governance 302 The Benefits of Incorporation 305 Striking a Balance 308 The Decisive Turning Point 312 The Racial and Ethnic Future 315 15 City and Metropolis in the Global Era 320 Urban Politics in a Time of Change 320 The New (but Actually Old) Growth Politics 321 The Delicate Art of Urban Governance 322 The Politics of the Patchwork Metropolis 324 Index 326