Citizenship in Motion : South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation

Published In Collaboration with The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Cover 1 Title page 2 Copyright page 3 Notes on Contributors 4 Contents 10 Chapter 1 - Introduction: Flexible Citizenship in the 21st Century Africa 14 Citizenship in Africa 16 Acknowledgement 44 Notes 44 References 45 SECTION A - Conceptualisations: An Exploration of the Literature in Broad Strokes 50 Chapter 2 - Global and African Discourses on Citizenship 52 Introduction 52 The Content of ‘Citizenship’ as a Relation to Political Community 53 Approaches to the Locus of Citizenship 57 Citizenship as Practice 60 Citizenship in Africa 62 Conclusion 66 Bibliography and Recommended Reading 67 Chapter 3 - Inclusive Citizenship: Review of Literature 76 Introduction 76 Mobility and Citizenship 78 Historical Genealogy of Citizenship in Africa 82 Bounded Citizenship of the Nation State in Africa 83 Citizenship and Autochthony 85 Gender and Sexuality of Citizenship 86 Youth and Citizenship 88 Technologies of Citizenship 89 Contribution of Flexible Citizenship in the 21st Century 92 Conclusion 93 Bibliography 93 Online Articles 98 Chapter 4 - Demarcating Battle Lines Citizenship and Agency in the Era of Misanthropy 100 Introduction 100 Reframing of Human, Citizenship and Humanitarianism 102 The Human Subject and Citizenship in Human Security Discourse 105 Global Civil Society in the ‘Peace and Justice’ Debate 109 Views of the Human Subject and Citizenship within the Global Civil Society 112 Problematique of Citizenship in Global Civil Society 115 Agency Detached from Global Civil Society 119 Conclusion 122 Acknowledgement 125 Notes 125 Bibliography 126 SECTION B - Citizenship Informed by Interconnectedness 132 Chapter 5 - Citizenship Practices in the Resistance of North-eastern Ugandan Pastoralists 134 Two Approaches to Citizenship 134 Outline of East African Pastoral Societies and Dodoth Society 137 Ethnic Citizenship 142 Citizenship That Includes Animals (Livestock) 148 Self-help Security System 151 Closing Remarks 154 Acknowledgments 156 Notes 156 Bibliography 158 Chapter 6 - Reflexive Accounts on Uganda General Election 2016: The Agency of the Dead and Its Effect among Western Nilotes 162 Introduction 162 Uganda General Election 2016 163 Official Visit of the President 164 Oryema’s Reburial 165 Murder of Archbishop 166 Concepts of Spirits among Nilotes 168 The Result of the Vote 170 Agency of the Dead and Its Effect on Voting 171 Modernity and African Identities 173 Conclusion 174 Acknowledgement 175 Notes 175 References 178 Newspapers 180 Chapter 7 - Buddhist Altars in Vacant Houses and the Citizenship of the Deceased 182 Introduction 182 Overview of Sado Island 183 The Principles of Ie in Sado 184 Past and Present of K Village in Sado Island 188 Relationship between Buddhist Altars in Vacant Houses and the Agency of the Deceased 193 Conclusion 196 Acknowledgements 196 Notes 197 References 197 Chapter 8 - Creation of Cooperativity through Memorial Rituals for the Dead: Ritual Citizenship among the Alur in the Republic of Uganda 200 Introduction 200 Interconnection with the Dead 207 The Process of Revival of the Memorial Ritual 210 Revived Memorial Ritual 217 Conclusion 225 Acknowledgements 227 Notes 227 References 228 Chapter 9 - In and Out of Family: Family Affairs and Deep Play at Nightclubs in Kampala, Uganda 230 An Urban Legend: The Bad Spirit of Ange Noir 230 The Duality of Citizenship in Africa: Familial and Sexual 232 In and Out of Family: The Sexuality, Liminality and Familial Citizenship of Girls in Slum Areas 235 Dance, Pool, and Deep Play: Sexual Citizenship of Bargirls at Nightclubs in Kampala from Anthropological Perspectives 241 Conclusion 246 Acknowledgement 247 Notes 247 References 249 SECTION C - South African Conversations on Citizenship 252 Chapter 10 - The Miracle in Misfortune: South Africa Belongs to All Those Who Can Afford It 254 Introduction: Eat your Constitution 254 The Democratic Apartheid of Post-apartheid South Africa 262 It’s a Third World Problem with a First World Constitution 272 Conclusion: You are because I’m not 278 References 279 Chapter 11 - From Amakwerekwere Car Guard to a South African Citizen: An Autoethnographic Account 282 Introduction 282 My Personal Narrative as a Car Guard 283 Mobility 287 Citizenship 289 Congolese Migrants and Social Mobility in South Africa 290 Profiles of Congolese Car Guards 290 Levels of Education 292 Reasons for Coming to Cape Town 293 Car Guard as an Entrepreneurship 294 Obstacles to Integration 295 Social Network and Kinship 302 Church and Sense of Belonging 303 Identity as Determinant of Citizenship 303 Conclusion 305 Notes 305 References 306 Chapter 12 - Vesseling: Discursively Negotiating Citizenship and Belonging in Post-apartheid South Africa 310 Introduction 310 Whiteness across Racial Boundaries 311 Of Vessels and Containers, and Socialisation 314 Explaining the Theory of Socialisation? 315 What for Stability and Rigidness in Whiteness? 316 Concerns for Belonging in South Africa 316 Findings 318 Conclusion 325 Notes 327 Bibliography 327 Chapter 13 - Opening Up Academic Citizenship for Students from Previously Excluded Groups: The Case of a Foundation Course at the University of Cape Town 330 Introduction 330 Background to DOH1009F 333 Data Analysis and Presentation of Findings 335 Conclusion 350 Glossary 351 Acronyms and Abbreviations 351 References and Bibliography 352 Chapter 14 - Mental Mobilities and Belonging to the Hip-hop Nation 356 Introduction 356 Cross-Atlantic Contact 358 The Americans 360 Gebaste Rhymes: ‘Kaap issie Bom’ 368 Youngsta CPT: Young Van Riebeek 371 RIGHTS/Privileges: Performing Protection 375 Conclusion 384 Notes 385 Bibliography 385 SECTION D - Concluding Reflections on Where We Think Citizenship Will Go in Future 390 Chapter 15 - Spectres of Citizenship: Reflections on the Hauntologies of Belonging in Zakes Mda’s Ways of Dying 392 Introduction 392 Haunting, Hauntology and the Perplexities of Post-apartheid Citizenship 397 Ways of Dying and the Poetics of Postcolonial Perplexity 400 Citizenship Otherwise: An(Other) Order of Knowledge 404 By Way of Conclusion 406 Bibliography 407 Chapter 16 - Rethinking Citizenship in 21st Century Africa: Some Conceptual Considerations 410 Introduction 410 Towards Flexible Citizenship 411 Africa and Citizenship 413 Everyday Conviviality and Citizenship 416 Never-ending Citizenship 420 References and Suggested Reading 422 Index 426 Back cover 444 Anthropological reflections on citizenship focus on themes such as politics, ethnicity and state management. Present day scholarship on citizenship tends to problematise, unsettle and contest often taken-for- granted conventional connotations and associations of citizenship with imagined culturally bounded political communities of rigidly controlled borders. This book, the result of two years of research conducted by South African and Japanese scholars within the framework of a bilateral project on citizenship in the 21st century, contributes to such ongoing efforts at rethinking citizenship globally, and as informed by experiences in Africa and Japan in particular. Central to the essays in this book is the concept of flexible citizenship, predicated on a recognition of the histories of mobility of people and cultures, and of the shaping and reshaping of places and spaces, and ideas of being and belonging in the process. The book elucidates the contingency of political membership, relationship between everyday practices and political membership, and how citizenship is the mechanism for claiming and denying rights to various political communities. ‘Self’ requires ‘others’ to construct itself, a reality that is subject to renegotiation as one continues to encounter others in a world characterised by myriad forms of interconnecting mobilities, both global and local. Citizenship is thus to be understood within a complex of power relationships that include ones formed by laws and economic regimes on a local scale and beyond. Citizenship in Africa, Japan and, indeed, everywhere is best explored productively as lying between the open-ended possibilities and tensions interconnecting the global and local.