Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany

The difference between French and German definitions of citizenship is instructive - and, for millions of immigrants from North Africa, Turkey, and Eastern Europe, decisive. Rogers Brubaker explores this difference - between the territorial basis of the French citizenry and the German emphasis on blood descent - and shows how it translates into rights and restrictions for millions of would-be French and German citizens. The State, Wrote Aristotle, Is A Compound Made Up Of Citizens; And This Compels Us To Consider Who Should Properly Be Called A Citizen And What A Citizen Really Is. These Are The Questions, With Their Broad Implications For The Modern Nation-state, That Rogers Brubaker Addresses Here. In A Time When The Flow Of Information, Capital, And Immigration Has Blurred The Definition Of The State, Brubaker's Sustained Analysis Of The Origins And Vicissitudes Of Citizenship In France And Germany Reveals Much About Civic Boundaries In The Modern World. The Difference Between French And German Definitions Of Citizenship Is Instructive - And, For Millions Of Immigrants From North Africa, Turkey, And Eastern Europe, Decisive. Brubaker Explores This Difference - Between The Territorial Basis Of The French Citizenry And The German Emphasis On Blood Descent - And Shows How It Translates Into Rights And Restrictions For Millions Of Would-be French And German Citizens. Why French Citizenship Is Territorially Inclusive, And German Citizenship Ethnically Exclusive, Becomes Clear In Brubaker's Historical Account Of Distinctive French And German Paths To Nation-statehood. Two Fundamental Legal Principles Of National Citizenship Emerge From This Analysis, Leading Brubaker To Broad And Original Observations On The Constitution Of The Modern State. We Live In A World Bounded And Defined By The Legal Institution Of Citizenship. The Plight Of Immigrants Moving Across Western Europe Has Made This A Particularly Salient Point, One Frequently Missed But Finally Brought Into Sharp Focus Here. Linking Law, State, Economy, And Culture Across Two Countries And Centuries, This Book Offers A Powerful Explanation Of Forces That Shape The Modern World And Delineate Its Future. Introduction: Traditions Of Nationhood In France And Germany -- I. The Institution Of Citizenship. 1. Citizenship As Social Closure. 2. The French Revolution And The Invention Of National Citizenship. 3. State, State-system, And Citizenship In Germany -- Ii. Defining The Citizenry: The Bounds Of Belonging. 4. Citizenship And Naturalization In France And Germany. 5. Migrants Into Citizens: The Crystallization Of Jus Soli In Late-nineteenth-century France. 6. The Citizenry As Community Of Descent: The Nationalization Of Citizenship In Wilhelmine Germany. 7. Etre Francais, Cela Se Merite: Immigration And The Politics Of Citizenship In France In The 1980s. 8. Continuities In The German Politics Of Citizenship. Rogers Brubaker. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 245-265) And Index.

How can higher education today create a community of critical thinkers and searchers for truth that transcends the boundaries of class, gender, and nation? Martha C. Nussbaum, philosopher and classicist, argues that contemporary curricular reform is already producing such "citizens of the world" in its advocacy of diverse forms of cross-cultural studies. Her vigorous defense of "the new education" is rooted in Seneca's ideal of the citizen who scrutinizes tradition critically and who respects the ability to reason wherever it is found—in rich or poor, native or foreigner, female or male.Drawing on Socrates and the Stoics, Nussbaum establishes three core values of liberal education: critical self-examination, the ideal of the world citizen, and the development of the narrative imagination. Then, taking us into classrooms and campuses across the nation, including prominent research universities, small independent colleges, and religious institutions, she shows how these values are (and in some instances are not) being embodied in particular courses. She defends such burgeoning subject areas as gender, minority, and gay studies against charges of moral relativism and low standards, and underscores their dynamic and fundamental contribution to critical reasoning and world citizenship.For Nussbaum, liberal education is alive and well on American campuses in the late twentieth century. It is not only viable, promising, and constructive, but it is essential to a democratic society. Taking up the challenge of conservative critics of academe, she argues persuasively that sustained reform in the aim and content of liberal education is the most vital and invigorating force in higher education today.

Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Introduction: Traditions of Nationhood in France and Germany......Page 16 I. THE INSTITUTION OF CITIZENSHIP......Page 34 1. Citizenship as Social Closure......Page 36 2. The French Revolution and the Invention of National Citizenship......Page 50 3. State, State-System, and Citizenship in Germany......Page 65 II. DEFINING THE CITIZENRY: THE BOUNDS OF BELONGING......Page 88 4. Citizenship and Naturalization in France and Germany......Page 90 5. Migrants into Citizens: The Crystallization of Jus Soli in Late-Nineteenth-Century France......Page 100 6. The Citizenry as Community of Descent: The Nationalization of Citizenship in Wilhelmine Germany......Page 129 7. “Etre Français, Cela se Mérite”: Immigration andthe Politics of Citizenship in France in the 1980s......Page 153 8. Continuities in the German Politics of Citizenship......Page 180 Conclusion......Page 194 Notes......Page 206 Bibliography......Page 260 Index......Page 282 The difference between French and German definitions of citizenship is instructive--and, for millions of immigrants from North Africa, Turkey, and Eastern Europe, decisive. Rogers Brubaker shows how this difference--between the territorial basis of the French citizenry and the German emphasis on blood descent--was shaped and sustained by sharply differing understandings of nationhood, rooted in distinctive French and German paths to nation-statehood