Chronic Lung Disease in Early Infancy (Lung Biology in Health and Disease Book 137)

Content: Introduction / Claude Lenfant -- Part One. Clinical Aspects -- Historical Perspective : Early Observations and Subsequent Evolution of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / William H. Northway, Jr. -- Epidemiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia : Clinical Risk Factors and Associated Clinical Conditions / Alma Martinez, Peter Dargaville, H. William Taeusch -- Clinical Course and Lung Function Abnormalities During Development of Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease / Eduardo Bancalari, Alvaro Gonzalez -- Radiographic Features of BPD and Potential Application of New Imaging Techniques / David K. Edwards, William H. Northway, Jr. -- Pathology of Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy / Jacqueline J. Coalson -- The Usefulness of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Infants with Evolving Chronic Lung Disease / Carl W. White, Leland L. Fan -- Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Lung Disease / Christian P. Speer, Peter Groneck -- Infection in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / William E. Benitz, Ann M. Arvin -- Ventilation Strategies and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / W. Alan Hodson -- Effect of Respiratory Care Practices on the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Michael R. Gomez, Thomas N. Hansen -- Influence of Surfactant Replacement on Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Alan H. Jobe -- Drug Treatment for Established BPD / Thomas A. Hazinski -- Nutritional Issues in Chronic Lung Disease of Premature Infants / Ilene R.S. Sosenko, Michael T. Kinter, Robert J. Roberts -- Pulmonary Function in BPD and Its Aftermath / Eric C. Eichenwald, Ann R. Stark -- Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Michael Apkon, Rodrigo A. Nehgme, George Lister -- Long-Term Recovery from Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Solomon Alkrinawi, Victor Chernick -- The Goal : Prevention of BPD / Mildred T. Stahlman -- Part Two. Normal and Abnormal Alveolar and Airway Development -- Unique Features of the Immature Lung That Make It Vulnerable to Injury / Scott H. Randell, Stephen L. Young -- Hormonal Effects on Lung Maturation and Disease / Philip L. Ballard, Roberta A. Ballard -- Mechanisms and Physiological Sequelae of Reactive Species Injury to the Alveolar Epithelium / Imad Y. Haddad ... [et al.] -- Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury / Richard J. King, Samuel Hawgood -- The Regulation of the Formation of Pulmonary Alveoli / Donald J. Massaro, Gloria D. Massaro -- Factors Mediating Cell Growth in Lung Injury / A. Keith Tanswell ... [et al.] -- Developmental Airway Structure and Function in Health and Chronic Lung Injury / Howard B. Panitch, Thomas H. Shaffer -- Part Three. Normal and Abnormal Development of the Lung Circulation and Interstitium -- Lung Development and the Effects of Chronic Hypoxia / Sheila G. Haworth -- Altered Development of the Pulmonary Circulation in Chronic Lung Injury / Marlene Rabinovitch -- Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy: Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment / Steven H. Abman -- Connective Tissues in Lung Development and Diseases in Early Infancy / David J. Riley -- Pulmonary Edema After Premature Birth : Progression from Acute to Chronic Lung Disease / Richard D. Bland, David P. Carlton -- Part Four. Mechanisms of Lung Injury and Repair During Development -- Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury / Charles Vincent Smith, Stephen E. Welty -- Assessment of Tissue Injury from Reactive Oxygen Metabolites / Michael J. Thomas, Timothy W. Robinson, Henry Jay Forman -- Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy : Role of Neutrophils / Diane E. Lorant, Kurt Albertine, John F. Bohnsack -- The Role of Pulmonary Macrophages in Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy / Michael P. Sherman, William E. Truog -- Oxidants and Antioxidants : What Role Do They Play in Chronic Lung Disease? / H. Lee Frank, Ilene R.S. Sosenko -- Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors in Lung Health and Disease / John R. Hoidal, Mari K. Hoidal -- Site- and Mechanism-Directed Interventions for Tissue Free Radical Injury / William R. Berrington ... [et al.] -- Part Five. Models of Lung Injury and Repair During Development -- Genetic Models for the Study of Autocrine-Paracrine Signaling in Lung Development and Repair / Jeffrey A. Whitsett -- Animal Models of Chronic Lung Injury / Jacqueline J. Coalson ... [et al.]. Contents......Page 21 Introduction......Page 10 Preface......Page 12 Contributors......Page 14 I. Introduction......Page 52 II. Major Perinatal Clinical Risk Factors for BPD......Page 53 III. Clinical Risk Scoring Systems......Page 60 IV. Postnatal Factors That Affect BPD......Page 63 References......Page 67 I. Introduction......Page 114 II. Comparison of Classic BPD Pathology with BPD Pathology in the 1990s......Page 115 III. Major Differences in ''Old'' BPD Versus ''New'' BPD Pathology: Airway and Interstitial Disease......Page 130 IV. Alveolar Hypoplasia and Vascular Dysmorphic Changes: The Consistent Findings in New BPD......Page 137 V. Pathogenesis of BPD in the 1990s......Page 143 VI. Summary......Page 146 References......Page 147 I. Introduction......Page 154 II. General Considerations......Page 155 III. Inflammation: Marker or Protagonist of Injury?......Page 161 IV. Clinical Usefulness of BAL in BPD......Page 168 V. Conclusion......Page 169 References......Page 170 I. Introduction......Page 191 II. Epidemiological Correlations......Page 192 III. Pathogenetic Mechanisms......Page 195 References......Page 197 I. Introduction......Page 312 II. Negative Influence of General Undernutrition and Protein Malnutrition on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury......Page 313 III. Lipid and Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury: Helpful or Harmful?......Page 314 IV. Influence of Additional Nutrients Inositol, Selenium, and Vitamin A on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury......Page 318 References......Page 320 I. Introduction......Page 383 III. Pulmonary Function......Page 385 IV. Airway Hyperreactivity......Page 387 V. Radiographic Study of the Chest......Page 388 References......Page 390 I. Introduction......Page 393 II. Predisposing Factors......Page 395 References......Page 400 I. Introduction......Page 480 II. Composition and Functions of Pulmonary Surfactant......Page 481 III. Experimental Studies on Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury......Page 485 IV. Involvement of Surfactant in Patients with Chronic Lung Injury......Page 492 V. Conclusions......Page 494 References......Page 495 I. Introduction......Page 558 II. Developmental Morphology......Page 559 III. Functional Characteristics of the Immature Airway......Page 570 IV. Clinical Assessment of Airway Function......Page 578 V. Summary......Page 584 References......Page 585 I. Introduction......Page 878 II. Classification of Proteases......Page 879 III. Control of Proteolytic Enzymes......Page 882 IV. Functions of Proteolytic Enzymes......Page 887 V. Proteases and Pulmonary Diseases......Page 889 VI. Proteases and Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy......Page 891 VII. What Lies Ahead?......Page 892 References......Page 894 A......Page 975 B......Page 978 C......Page 985 D......Page 991 E......Page 995 F......Page 996 G......Page 999 H......Page 1004 I......Page 1010 J......Page 1011 K......Page 1012 L......Page 1017 M......Page 1021 N......Page 1028 P......Page 1030 R......Page 1036 S......Page 1040 T......Page 1049 V......Page 1052 W......Page 1054 Y......Page 1058 Z......Page 1059 A......Page 1061 B......Page 1063 C......Page 1065 D......Page 1068 F......Page 1069 H......Page 1070 I......Page 1071 L......Page 1072 N......Page 1074 P......Page 1075 R......Page 1077 S......Page 1078 T......Page 1079 W......Page 1080 Contents 21 Introduction 10 Preface 12 Contributors 14 2. Epidemiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Clinical Risk Factors and Associated Clinical Conditions 52 I. Introduction 52 II. Major Perinatal Clinical Risk Factors for BPD 53 III. Clinical Risk Scoring Systems 60 IV. Postnatal Factors That Affect BPD 63 V. Summary 67 References 67 5. Pathology of Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy 114 I. Introduction 114 II. Comparison of Classic BPD Pathology with BPD Pathology in the 1990s 115 III. Major Differences in ''Old'' BPD Versus ''New'' BPD Pathology: Airway and Interstitial Disease 130 IV. Alveolar Hypoplasia and Vascular Dysmorphic Changes: The Consistent Findings in New BPD 137 V. Pathogenesis of BPD in the 1990s 143 VI. Summary 146 References 147 6. The Usefulness of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Infants with Evolving Chronic Lung Disease 154 I. Introduction 154 II. General Considerations 155 III. Inflammation: Marker or Protagonist of Injury? 161 IV. Clinical Usefulness of BAL in BPD 168 V. Conclusion 169 References 170 8. Infection in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 191 I. Introduction 191 II. Epidemiological Correlations 192 III. Pathogenetic Mechanisms 195 References 197 13. Nutritional Issues in Chronic Lung Disease of Premature Infants 312 I. Introduction 312 II. Negative Influence of General Undernutrition and Protein Malnutrition on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury 313 III. Lipid and Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury: Helpful or Harmful? 314 IV. Influence of Additional Nutrients Inositol, Selenium, and Vitamin A on Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury 318 V. Conclusion 320 References 320 16. Long-Term Recovery from Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 383 I. Introduction 383 II. Physical Examination 385 III. Pulmonary Function 385 IV. Airway Hyperreactivity 387 V. Radiographic Study of the Chest 388 VI. Concluding Remarks 390 References 390 17. The Goal: Prevention of BPD 393 I. Introduction 393 II. Predisposing Factors 395 References 400 21. Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury 480 I. Introduction 480 II. Composition and Functions of Pulmonary Surfactant 481 III. Experimental Studies on Surfactant in Chronic Lung Injury 485 IV. Involvement of Surfactant in Patients with Chronic Lung Injury 492 V. Conclusions 494 References 495 24. Developmental Airway Structure and Function in Health and Chronic Lung Injury 558 I. Introduction 558 II. Developmental Morphology 559 III. Functional Characteristics of the Immature Airway 570 IV. Clinical Assessment of Airway Function 578 V. Summary 584 References 585 35. Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors in Lung Health and Disease 878 I. Introduction 878 II. Classification of Proteases 879 III. Control of Proteolytic Enzymes 882 IV. Functions of Proteolytic Enzymes 887 V. Proteases and Pulmonary Diseases 889 VI. Proteases and Chronic Lung Disease of Early Infancy 891 VII. What Lies Ahead? 892 References 894 Author Index 975 A 975 B 978 C 985 D 991 E 995 F 996 G 999 H 1004 I 1010 J 1011 K 1012 L 1017 M 1021 N 1028 O 1030 P 1030 Q 1036 R 1036 S 1040 T 1049 U 1052 V 1052 W 1054 X 1058 Y 1058 Z 1059 Subject Index 1061 A 1061 B 1063 C 1065 D 1068 E 1069 F 1069 G 1070 H 1070 I 1071 K 1072 L 1072 M 1074 N 1074 O 1075 P 1075 R 1077 S 1078 T 1079 U 1080 V 1080 W 1080 This definitive volume presents the clinical and pathological features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a disease that accounts for the majority of long-term hospitalizations, slow growth, and recurrent early childhood respiratory ailments that are common in low-birth-weight newborns. Highlights relevant animal models for studying the process of chronic lung disease through its evolution and during recovery! Written by nearly 75 leading international authorities on lung disease during early childhood development who describe the clinical, radiographic, and pathological changes that have occurred in the 30 years since bronchopulmonary dysplasia was first discovered, Chronic Lung Disease in Early Infancy focuses on the development of technology, notably changes in the application of assisted ventilation traces the evolution and impact of new therapies, including prenatal glucocorticoids and postnatal surfactants suggests effective therapeutic and preventive strategies explains how the lungs develop structurally and functionally explores how lung development is altered by injury and the repair process critically examines research in the field of pediatric lung pathology reviews what is known and emphasizes what needs to be learned about bronchopulmonary dysplasia provides direction for future research into chronic lung disease and more! Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was first described in 1967 in a report documenting the clinical, radiologic, and pathological changes seen in prematurely born infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) who had been treated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and warm, humidified 80-100% concentrations of oxygen (1).