Chronic kidney disease, dialysis, and transplantation : a companion to Brenner and Rector's the Kidney

From Basic Science To Practical Clinical Tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, And Transplantation, 4th Edition Provides You With The Up-to-date, Authoritative Guidance You Need To Safely And Effectively Manage Patients With Chronic Renal Disease. Covering All Relevant Clinical Management Issues, This Companion Volume To Brenner And Rector's The Kidney Presents The Knowledge And Expertise Of Renowned Researchers And Clinicians In The Fields Of Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, Critical Care Nephrology, And Transplantation - For An All-in-one, Indispensable Guide To Every Aspect Of This Fast-changing Field--résumé De L'éditeur. Section 1: Chronic Kidney Disease. Chronic Kidney Disease: Definitions, Epidemiology, Cost, And Outcomes -- Measurement And Estimation Of Kidney Function -- Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease -- Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly -- The Pediatric Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease -- Genetic Causes Of Chronic Kidney Disease -- Section 2: Complications And Management Of Chronic Kidney Disease. The Role Of The Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic And Multidisciplinary Team Care -- Anemia In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Mineral Bone Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Vitamin D Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Cardiovascular Disease In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Nutrent Metabolism And Protein-energy Wasting Chronic Kidney Disease -- Inflammation In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Sleep Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Depression And Neurocognitive Function In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Improving Drug Use And Dosing In Chronic Kidney Disease -- The Pathophysiology Of Uremia -- Timing, Initiation And Modality Options For Renal Replacement Therapy -- Ethical Challenges And The Role Of Palliative Care In Kidney Disease -- Section 3: Dialysis. Dialysis And End-stage Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Cost, And Outcomes -- Principles Of Hemodialysis -- Vascular Access -- Hemodialysis Adequacy -- Hemodialysis-associated Infections -- Acute Complications Associated Of Hemodialysis -- Frequent Hemodialysis: Physiological, Epidemiological, And Practical Aspects -- Home Hemodialysis -- Peritoneal Physiology -- The Use And Outcomes Of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions, Prescription And Adequacy -- Peritoneal Dialysis-related Infections -- Noninfectious Complications Of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Section 4: Transplantation. Transplant Epidemiology, Costs And Outcomes -- Transplantation Immunobiology -- Evaluation Of Donors And Recipients -- Surgical Management Of The Renal Transplant Recipient -- Immunosuppresive Therapy -- Diagnosis And Therapy Of Graft Dysfunction -- Infection In Renal Transplant Recipients -- Noninfectious Complications After Kidney Transplantation -- Recurrent And De Novo Renal Diseases After Kidney Transplantation -- Pediatric Renal Transplantation -- Chronic Kidney Disease In The Kidney Transplant Recipient -- Section 5: Acute Kidney Injury. The Epidemiology Of Acute Kidney Injury -- Metabolic And Nutritional Complications Of Acute Kidney Injury -- Acute Kidney Injury Diagnostics And Biomarkers -- Pharmacological Interventions In Acute Kidney Injury -- Renal Replacement Therapy For Acute Kidney Injury. [edited By] Jonathan Himmelfarb, T. Alp Ikizler. Complemented By Brenner And Rector's The Kidney / [edited By] Karl Skorecki, Glenn M. Chertow, Philip A. Marsden, Maarten W. Taal, Alan S.l. Yu. Tenth Edition. 2016. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation: A Companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Section Editors......Page 4 List of Contributors......Page 5 Definition......Page 10 Staging......Page 11 Strengths and Limitations of the Current Chronic Kidney Disease Classification System......Page 13 Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 14 Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 15 Prevalence and Incidence of Kidney Failure......Page 20 Prevalence of Treated Kidney Failure......Page 21 Chronic Kidney Disease (Not on Kidney Replacement Therapy) Costs......Page 22 Outcomes of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 23 Outcomes Before Kidney Replacement Therapy......Page 25 Outcomes on Kidney Replacement Therapy......Page 28 Conclusion......Page 30 Determinants of Glomerular Filtration Rate......Page 34 Variability of Glomerular Filtration Rate......Page 35 Physiology of Urinary Clearance and the Measurement of GFR......Page 36 Clearance Methods......Page 37 Exogenous Filtration Markers......Page 38 Relationship of Glomerular Filtration Rate to Plasma Solute Concentrations......Page 40 Estimating Equations for Glomerular Filtration Rate......Page 41 Interpretation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimates......Page 42 3. Generation......Page 43 4. Renal Handling......Page 44 7. Creatinine as a Filtration Marker......Page 45 2. Plasma Levels......Page 47 7. Cystatin C as a Filtration Marker......Page 48 4. Renal Handling of Urea......Page 49 Novel Markers......Page 51 Diagnosis And Classification Of Diabetic Kidney Disease......Page 56 Hereditary Risk Factors......Page 57 Acute Kidney Injury......Page 58 Natural History......Page 59 Kidney Structural Changes In Diabetic Kidney Disease......Page 60 Pathophysiological Mechanisms In DKD......Page 61 Glycemic Control......Page 65 Antihypertensive Therapy......Page 67 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists......Page 69 Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors......Page 71 Conclusions......Page 72 Pathophysiology of Renal Injury in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis......Page 81 Target Level of BP Control......Page 83 Angiotensin Converting Enzime Inhibitors......Page 86 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers......Page 87 Aldosterone Antagonists......Page 88 Surgical Management......Page 89 Lifestyle Modification......Page 90 Conclusion......Page 91 Changes in the Glomerulus......Page 98 Electrolyte Management......Page 99 Identification of CKD in Older Adults......Page 100 Outcomes Associated With CKD in Older Adults......Page 102 Hypertension Management......Page 103 Proteinuria......Page 105 Multimorbidity And Complexity In Older Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 106 Dialysis Initiation in Older Adults......Page 107 Resources to Inform Productive Discussion......Page 108 Palliative Support as an Alternative or Adjunct to Dialysis Preparation......Page 111 Epidemiology of Pediatric CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 117 Defining Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 118 Natural History and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 119 Growth Failure......Page 120 Nutritional Issues and Metabolic Concerns......Page 123 Acid-Base and Electrolytes......Page 124 Neurocognitive Development and School Performance......Page 125 Anemia......Page 126 Mineral and Bone Disorders......Page 128 Phosphorus......Page 130 Vitamin D......Page 131 Hypertension......Page 132 Lipids......Page 133 Quality of Life and Transitions to Adulthood......Page 134 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 143 Corticosteroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 145 Corticosteroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 147 Autosomal Dominant Diseases......Page 149 Syndromic Proteinuric Kidney Disease......Page 151 X-Linked Diseases......Page 154 Autosomal Dominant Diseases (1)......Page 155 Sporadic Disease......Page 156 Treatment of Genetic Disease......Page 157 Introduction......Page 165 Philosophical Basis......Page 166 Role of Multidisciplinary Clinics......Page 167 Education......Page 168 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 169 Nutrition......Page 170 Diabetes Control......Page 171 Modality Selection......Page 172 Timely Initiation......Page 173 Transplant......Page 174 Key Components of the Clinic......Page 175 Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic Role in Longitudinal Care: Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 176 Other Benefits of the Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic and Organized Protocol-Based Care......Page 177 Recent and Future Studies......Page 178 Conclusion......Page 179 Pathogenesis......Page 186 Cognitive Function......Page 187 Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents......Page 188 Iron......Page 190 Data From Clinical Trials......Page 192 Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Hyporesponsiveness......Page 193 Normal Physiology......Page 201 Abnormal Physiology in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 202 Management of Elevated Phosphate in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 203 Normal Physiology......Page 207 Abnormal Physiology in CKD......Page 208 Normal Physiology......Page 209 Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism......Page 210 Treatment of elevated parathyroid hormone in chronic kidney disease stage 5D: Calcitriol and vitamin D analogs.The use of calcit.........Page 211 FGF-23 in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 212 Renal Osteodystrophy......Page 213 Cardiovascular Disease and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 214 Conclusion......Page 217 Vitamin D......Page 224 Vitamin D–Binding Protein......Page 225 Vitamin D Clearance......Page 226 Assessment of Vitamin D Deficiency......Page 227 Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency......Page 228 Autocrine and Paracrine Effects......Page 230 Cell Growth and Differentiation......Page 231 Glucose Metabolism......Page 232 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 233 Cholecalciferol......Page 234 Ergocalciferol......Page 235 Unanswered Questions......Page 236 Conclusions......Page 237 Stage 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 245 Dialysis......Page 247 Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 248 Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 4......Page 249 Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 to 4......Page 251 Dialysis......Page 252 Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Cardiomyopathy......Page 253 Therapy......Page 254 Nitric Oxide, Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine, and Endothelial Function......Page 255 Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder......Page 256 Pathophysiology and Manifestations: Atherosclerosis and Vascular Stiffness......Page 257 Diagnosis......Page 258 Heart Failure......Page 259 Treatment......Page 260 Aortic Calcification and Stenosis......Page 261 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death......Page 262 Energy Requirements......Page 272 Protein Requirements......Page 273 Concept of Protein-Energy Wasting......Page 275 Testosterone deficiency and low thyroid hormone levels.Testosterone is an anabolic hormone that induces skeletal muscle hypertro.........Page 277 Prevalence of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 278 Screening Tools......Page 279 Protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance.It is difficult to directly measure protein intake. Therefore an indirect marker used .........Page 280 Treatment of Protein-Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 281 Dietary Counseling and Use of Oral Nutritional Supplements......Page 282 Intradialytic Parental Nutrition......Page 283 Interventions to Reduce Inflammation......Page 284 Summary and Conclusions......Page 285 Chronic Inflammation: A Maladaptive Response in a Particular Setting......Page 291 Etiology of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 292 Oxidative Stress......Page 293 Comorbidities......Page 294 Sleep apnea and hypoxia.The lung-kidney link has received very limited attention to date, although the mutual interrelations bet.........Page 295 Genetic Predisposition......Page 296 Consequences of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 297 Vascular Calcification......Page 298 Endocrine Disorders......Page 299 Premature Senescence......Page 300 C-Reactive Protein......Page 301 Other Biomarkers of Inflammation......Page 302 Approaching a Patient With Inflammation......Page 303 Treating the Basics......Page 304 Novel antiinflammatory drugs.Within the search of novel therapies for reducing inflammation, controlling or reducing the amount .........Page 305 Conflict of Interest......Page 306 SLEEP IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 316 SLEEP IN END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 318 Sleep in Hemodialysis......Page 319 Sleep in Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 321 SLEEP IN PEDIATRIC CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 323 SLEEP IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION......Page 325 CONCLUSIONS......Page 328 Chapter 16 - Depression and Neurocognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 333 Epidemiology of Depression......Page 334 Prevalence......Page 335 Immunological Response......Page 336 Substance Use......Page 337 Pharmacotherapy......Page 338 Summary of Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 339 Prevalence of Neurocognitive Impairment......Page 343 Sequelae of Neurocognitive Impairment......Page 344 Summary of Neurocognitive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 345 Chapter 17 - Improving Drug Use and Dosing in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 352 Assessment of Kidney Function for Drug Dosing, Including Special Populations......Page 353 General Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles......Page 355 Distribution......Page 356 Elimination......Page 357 General Approach for Drug Regimen Design in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 358 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 359 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 361 Agents for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists......Page 366 Drug Dosing in Dialysis Patients......Page 367 Considerations For Drug Removal by Renal Replacement Therapies......Page 368 Case Example: Dosing Brivaracetam in Hemodialysis and Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy......Page 369 Q4: What If This Patient had Acute Kidney Injury and was Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With the Following Conti.........Page 370 Importance Of Interdisciplinary Teams in Improving Chronic Kidney Disease Care......Page 371 Informatics Approaches to Improve Chronic Kidney Disease Care......Page 372 Chapter 18 - The Pathophysiology of Uremia......Page 380 Classic Signs and Symptoms......Page 381 Uremia and Solute Retention......Page 382 Solute Production From Food......Page 383 Uremic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress......Page 385 Metabolomics Studies......Page 386 Uremic Solutes Associated With Adverse Clinical Outcomes......Page 387 GPCR (G-Protein Coupled Receptor) Signaling......Page 389 Extracorporeal Methods......Page 390 Conclusions......Page 391 Chapter 19 - Timing, Initiation, and Modality Options for Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 398 Past Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Recommendations for Timing of Initiation of Dialysis......Page 399 Current Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Recommendations for Timing of Initiation of Dialysis......Page 400 Other Clinical Practice Guidelines for Timing of Initiation of Dialysis......Page 401 Trends in Timing of Initiation of Dialysis......Page 402 Timeliness of Nephrology Referral......Page 403 Dialysis Modality Selection......Page 404 Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 405 Home Hemodialysis......Page 406 Conclusions......Page 407 Medical Ethics in Nephrology......Page 413 Advance Care Planning......Page 414 Conflict Resolution......Page 415 Providing Supportive (Palliative) Care......Page 417 End-of-Life Care......Page 418 Summary......Page 420 Causes of End-Stage Renal Disease and Indications for Maintenance Dialysis......Page 428 Incidence of Treated End-Stage Renal Disease......Page 430 Prevalence of ESRD......Page 431 Timing of Dialysis Initiation......Page 434 Mortality Trends in Patients Receiving Maintenance Dialysis......Page 436 Overall Trends......Page 438 Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality......Page 442 Infectious Diseases: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality......Page 447 Dialysis Modality......Page 448 Costs of End-Stage Renal Disease......Page 452 Conclusions......Page 454 Historical Development......Page 460 Clinical Syndrome......Page 461 Residual Syndrome......Page 463 Goals of Hemodialysis......Page 464 Laws of Diffusion......Page 465 Composition of the Membrane......Page 466 Blood Flow......Page 467 High-Efficiency and High-Flux Dialyzers......Page 468 Types of Clearance......Page 469 Quantifying Hemodialysis......Page 471 Kt/Vurea......Page 472 Urea Generation and Protein Catabolism......Page 473 Solute Disequilibrium......Page 474 Dialyzer Ultrafiltration Coefficient......Page 475 Middle and Large Molecule Removal......Page 476 Mechanics of Hemodialysis......Page 477 Bicarbonate Delivery......Page 478 Computer Controls......Page 479 Monitoring Access Flow......Page 480 Future Considerations......Page 481 Classification of Fistulas......Page 489 Life Cycle of the Arteriovenous Fistula......Page 490 Phase 3: Clinical Use, Initial......Page 491 Failure to Mature......Page 492 Excessive Flow......Page 493 Hand Ischemia: Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome......Page 495 Secondary Arteriovenous Fistulas......Page 496 Arteriovenous Graft......Page 497 Infection......Page 498 Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow Vascular Access Device......Page 500 Dialysis Catheters......Page 501 Adequacy of Dialysis......Page 502 Catheter Dysfunction......Page 504 Acute Dialysis Catheters......Page 505 Uremic Retention Solutes......Page 512 Mechanisms of Molecular Movement During Dialysis......Page 513 Collection of Blood Samples Before and After Hemodialysis......Page 514 Single-Pool Kt/V......Page 515 Equilibrated Kt/V......Page 516 Standard Kt/V......Page 517 Normalized Protein Catabolic Ratio......Page 518 Limitations of Urea-Based Measures of Dialysis Adequacy......Page 519 Key Studies of Optimal Dialysis Dose......Page 520 Factors Contributing to Infections Among Hemodialysis Patients......Page 525 Microbial Contamination of Water......Page 526 Distribution Systems......Page 527 Hemodialyzer Reuse......Page 528 Disinfection of Hemodialysis Systems......Page 533 Dialysis-Associated Pyrogenic Reactions......Page 534 Disinfection, Sterilization, and Environmental Cleaning in Dialysis Facilities......Page 535 Bloodstream Infections and Other Infections......Page 536 Etiology and Prevention of Bloodstream Infection......Page 537 Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria......Page 539 Hepatitis C Virus......Page 540 Prevention of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission......Page 541 Epidemiology......Page 542 Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission......Page 543 Summary of Recommendations and Future Directions......Page 544 Acknowledgments......Page 546 INVESTIGATING AN ADVERSE EVENT ON HEMODIALYSIS......Page 555 Reactions Associated With the Dialysis Circuit......Page 556 Reactions Associated With Drugs and Other Exposures......Page 557 Approach to the Dialysis Patient With a Reaction......Page 558 Muscle Cramps......Page 559 Headache......Page 560 Restless Legs Syndrome......Page 561 Seizures......Page 562 Intradialytic Hypertension......Page 563 Myocardial Stunning......Page 564 Dialysis-Associated Steal Syndrome......Page 565 Access Thrombosis......Page 566 Dialysis-Associated Hemolysis......Page 567 Hemorrhage......Page 568 Air Embolism......Page 569 Summary......Page 570 History of Frequent Hemodialysis......Page 577 Improved Clearance of Small Protein-Bound Solutes......Page 578 Survival......Page 579 Mineral Metabolism......Page 580 Noninfectious Vascular Complications......Page 581 Dialysis Machines......Page 582 Vascular Access......Page 583 Frequent Home Hemodialysis program......Page 584 Medication Dosing Considerations......Page 585 Future Directions......Page 586 Home Hemodialysis: Benefits and Potential Risks......Page 591 Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Cardiovascular Complications......Page 592 Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Medication Use......Page 593 Mineral and Bone Disorder and Phosphate Binder Use......Page 594 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 596 Treatment Complications and Tolerability......Page 597 Potential Risks of Intensive Hemodialysis......Page 599 Patient Selection......Page 601 Dialysis Prescription......Page 602 Barrier to Home Dialysis......Page 603 Peritoneal Anatomy......Page 606 Interstitium......Page 607 Peritoneal Blood Flow......Page 608 Peritoneal Local Reaction to Infection......Page 609 Ultrafiltration......Page 610 Fluid Absorption......Page 612 Diffusive Transport......Page 613 Importance of Different Parts of the Peritoneum for Peritoneal Transport......Page 614 Peritoneal Equilibration Test......Page 615 Mini-PET and double mini-PET.Recently, a short 1-hour “mini-PET” with hypertonic 3.86% glucose (4.25% dextrose) solution was sug.........Page 616 Effluent Soluble Markers of the Peritoneal Membrane......Page 617 Effect of Body Posture on Peritoneal Transport......Page 618 Alternative Osmotic Agents......Page 619 Changes in Peritoneal Transport During Peritonitis......Page 620 Loss of Ultrafiltration Capacity......Page 621 Relation Between Peritoneal Transport Characteristics and Clinical Outcome......Page 622 Changes in Peritoneal Morphology With Time on Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 623 Physiological Mechanisms......Page 624 Identification of Potential Peritoneal Dialysis Patients......Page 632 Assessment of Peritoneal Dialysis Eligibility......Page 633 Offer and Choice......Page 634 Attempts at Randomized Comparisons of Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis......Page 635 Eligibility for Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis......Page 636 Setting......Page 637 Statistical Considerations......Page 638 Comparing the Outcomes of Patients Treated With Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis: Cost......Page 639 Summary......Page 640 Constituents of Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions......Page 646 Dialysate Calcium......Page 648 Local Effects......Page 649 Systemic Effects of Glucose-Based Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions......Page 650 Effects on metabolic profile.Use of icodextrin as the long-dwell solution also minimizes glucose exposure and incurs less metabo.........Page 651 Potential adverse effects.Use of icodextrin may be associated with potential adverse events such as sterile peritonitis or skin .........Page 652 Effects on peritonitis risk.In the balANZ trial, the time to first peritonitis episode was longer and overall peritonitis rates .........Page 653 Other clinical outcomes.Earlier studies suggested a potential benefit in reducing inflow pain with more biocompatible PD solutio.........Page 654 Amino Acid Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions......Page 657 Conclusions......Page 658 Measuring Biochemical Indices of Dialysis Adequacy......Page 659 Peritoneal Equilibration Test......Page 661 Importance of Dialysis Adequacy and Defining Numerical Targets for Biochemical Indices of Dialysis Adequacy......Page 662 Ultrafiltration and Volume Control as a Target for Dialysis Adequacy......Page 663 Nutrition Status as a Target for Dialysis Adequacy......Page 664 Initial Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription......Page 666 Adjusting Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription......Page 667 Factors Contributing to More Adverse Outcomes in High Transporters......Page 668 Ultrafiltration Failure......Page 669 Importance of Residual Kidney Function in Peritoneal Dialysis......Page 670 Decline of Residual Kidney Function......Page 672 Renin-angiotensin system blockers.The efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in p.........Page 673 Conclusion......Page 674 Pathogenesis......Page 684 Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions on Peritoneal Defense......Page 685 Empirical Therapy......Page 686 Adjuvant Therapy......Page 687 Gram-Negative Organisms.Peritonitis due to gram-negative organisms often is associated with fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdomin.........Page 688 Culture-Negative Peritonitis.In approximately 15% of episodes that meet the criteria for peritonitis on the basis of cell count .........Page 689 Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis......Page 690 Antibiotic Therapy......Page 691 Connectology and Dialysis Solutions......Page 692 Other Modifiable Risk Factors......Page 693 Secondary Prevention of Peritonitis......Page 694 Incidence, Types of Hernia, and Etiological Factors......Page 700 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 701 Incidence, Classification of Leaks, and Risk Factors......Page 702 Complications of Dialysate Leaks......Page 703 Pathogenesis......Page 704 Clinical Presentation......Page 705 Temporary Interruption of Peritoneal Dialysis (Conservative Management).There is a clear consensus that interruption of PD shoul.........Page 706 Malfunction of the Peritoneal Catheter......Page 707 Drain Pain......Page 708 Hemoperitoneum......Page 709 Chyloperitoneum......Page 710 Hepatic Subcapsular Steatosis......Page 711 Definition and Epidemiology......Page 712 Pathophysiology......Page 713 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis.EPS is a slowly progressive disorder that may remain asymptomatic for a prolonged period of .........Page 714 Corticosteroids.CCSs have become paramount in the treatment of EPS, with some studies documenting response rates as high as 100%.........Page 715 Immunotherapy and Other Experimental Agents.There are reports in the literature of immunosuppressants being used to treat EPS.18.........Page 716 Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis and Renal Transplantation......Page 717 Introduction......Page 724 Living Donor Transplantation......Page 727 Induction Immunosuppression......Page 728 Maintenance Immunosuppression......Page 729 Posttransplant Outcomes......Page 732 Acute Rejection......Page 733 Effect of Performance Monitoring......Page 734 Unmeasured and Novel Risk Factors......Page 735 Economics of Kidney Transplantation......Page 736 Conclusions......Page 738 A. Transplantation Antigens......Page 745 B. Cellular Events Leading to Allograft Rejection......Page 748 Allorecognition Pathways......Page 749 T-Cell Activation......Page 751 Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection......Page 756 Tolerance......Page 757 Summary......Page 759 Clinical Assessment of the Living Donor......Page 764 Proteinuria......Page 765 Inherited Renal Disease......Page 766 Pregnancy......Page 767 History, Physical Examination, and Diagnostic Testing......Page 768 Coronary Artery Disease......Page 770 Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease......Page 771 Hepatitis B......Page 772 Systemic Diseases......Page 773 History of a Failed Allograft......Page 774 Conclusions (1)......Page 775 Live Donor Evaluation......Page 778 Recipient Evaluation......Page 779 Surgical Technique......Page 780 Immediate Postoperative Management......Page 781 Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis......Page 782 Renal Vein Thrombosis......Page 783 Urinary Obstruction......Page 784 Surgical Site Infection......Page 785 Conclusions......Page 786 The Azathioprine Era (1962–1980)......Page 790 Contemporary Immunosuppressive Therapy......Page 791 Landmark Trials With Induction Therapy......Page 793 Calcineurin Inhibitors......Page 794 Combination Therapies and Trials That Led to Current Standards......Page 795 CNI-Sparing Therapies......Page 796 Looking Forward......Page 801 Conclusion......Page 803 Definition......Page 807 Differential Diagnosis......Page 808 Prediction and Prevention of Delayed Graft Function......Page 809 Diagnostic Studies in Persistent Oliguria or Anuria......Page 810 Long-Term Impact of Immediate Graft Dysfunction......Page 811 Types of Acute Rejection......Page 812 Noninvasive Diagnostic Biomarkers......Page 813 Thrombotic Microangiopathy......Page 814 Renal Artery Stenosis......Page 815 Late Graft Dysfunction......Page 816 Antigen-Dependent Causes of Late Graft Loss......Page 817 Histocompatibility......Page 818 Histopathological Features of Chronic Graft Dysfunction......Page 819 Strategies to Prevent Late Graft Loss (Also See Chapter 44)......Page 820 BK Nephropathy......Page 821 Acknowledgments......Page 822 Pretransplant Recipient Evaluation......Page 827 Donor Evaluation......Page 829 Timeline of Infection......Page 830 Beyond 6 Months......Page 832 Patterns of transmission......Page 833 Prevention......Page 834 Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr Virus and Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease......Page 835 Treatment......Page 836 Use of Hepatitis C Virus-positive Donors......Page 837 Hepatitis B......Page 838 Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 839 Use of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Donors......Page 840 Cryptococcus......Page 841 Bacterial Infections......Page 842 Immunization......Page 843 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 851 Hypertension......Page 852 Dyslipidemia......Page 853 Obesity......Page 854 Posttransplantation Anemia......Page 855 Malignancy After Kidney Transplantation......Page 856 Effect of Immunosuppression......Page 857 Electrolyte Disorders......Page 858 Treatment of Posttransplant Osteopenia and Osteoporosis......Page 859 Neuropsychiatric Complications of Transplantation......Page 860 Psychopharmacology......Page 861 Summary and Conclusion......Page 862 The Effect of Recurrent or De Novo Disease on Transplant Outcome......Page 868 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis......Page 870 Membranous Nephropathy......Page 871 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and C3 Glomerulopathy......Page 872 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis......Page 873 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Other Thrombotic Microangiopathies......Page 874 Multiple Myeloma/Cast Nephropathy......Page 875 Fabry Disease......Page 876 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 877 Role of Transplantation......Page 884 Indications for Renal Transplantation in Children......Page 885 Urological Preparation......Page 886 Technical Issues in Transplantation......Page 887 Graft Thrombosis......Page 888 Immunosuppression Strategies......Page 889 Acute Rejection......Page 890 Chronic Allograft Dysfunction......Page 891 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome......Page 892 Graft Survival......Page 893 Growth After Transplantation......Page 894 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder and Malignancy......Page 895 Varicella......Page 896 Hyperlipidemia/Dyslipidemia......Page 897 Mortality......Page 898 Section V - Acute Kidney Injury......Page 906 Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients......Page 908 The Predictive Value of Chronic Kidney Disease Staging for Outcomes Among Kidney Transplant Recipients......Page 909 Chronic Kidney Disease Care in Patients With a Functioning Allograft......Page 910 Chronic Kidney Disease Care in Patients With Transplant Failure......Page 911 Definition of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 916 Early Cohort Studies of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 917 Multicenter Cohort Studies of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 918 Large Database Studies of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 919 Risk Factors for the Development of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 920 Risk Factors for Mortality Associated With Acute Kidney Injury......Page 925 Long-Term Implications of an Episode of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 927 Summary......Page 929 Prevalence of Protein-Engery Wasting in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 934 Inflammation......Page 935 Oxidative Stress......Page 937 Animal Models of Oxidative Stress in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 938 Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor I Axis......Page 939 Insulin Resistance in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 940 Insulin Resistance......Page 941 Provision of Nutritional Support......Page 943 Protein Requirement......Page 944 “Immunonutrition,” Micronutrients, and Other Additives......Page 945 Route......Page 946 Timing......Page 947 Conclusion......Page 948 Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 955 Creatinine as a Biomarker......Page 956 Specific Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 957 Interleukin-18......Page 958 Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin......Page 959 Liver Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein......Page 960 Kidney Injury Molecule-1......Page 961 Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 7......Page 962 Uromodulin......Page 963 Repurposed Biomarkers......Page 964 The Future of Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 965 Disclosures......Page 966 Chapter 48 - Pharmacological Interventions in Acute Kidney Injury......Page 972 Acute Kidney Injury Is a Multisystem Disease......Page 973 Diuretics......Page 974 Antioxidants: N-Acetylcysteine, Vitamin C......Page 975 Dopamine, Dopamine Analogs, and Natriuretic Peptides......Page 977 Vasopressin and Analogs......Page 978 Recombinant Erythropoietin......Page 979 α-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone......Page 980 Soluble Thrombomodulin......Page 981 Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive K Channel Agonists......Page 982 Mitochondrial Agents......Page 983 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy......Page 984 Disclosures......Page 985 Modalities of Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 999 Continuous Modalities......Page 1001 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1002 Timing of Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1003 Selection of Modality of Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1005 Dose of Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1006 Intermittent Hemodialysis and Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1007 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 1008 Summary and Recommendations......Page 1009 Anticoagulation......Page 1010 Procedure-Related Complications......Page 1012 Summary......Page 1013 A......Page 1022 B......Page 1024 C......Page 1025 D......Page 1028 E......Page 1030 F......Page 1031 G......Page 1032 H......Page 1033 I......Page 1035 K......Page 1036 L......Page 1037 N......Page 1038 O......Page 1039 P......Page 1040 R......Page 1042 S......Page 1044 T......Page 1045 V......Page 1046 Z......Page 1047 From Basic Science To Practical Clinical Tools, Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, And Transplantation, 4th Edition Provides You With The Up-to-date, Authoritative Guidance You Need To Safely And Effectively Manage Patients With Chronic Renal Disease. Covering All Relevant Clinical Management Issues, This Companion Volume To Brenner And Rector's The Kidney Presents The Knowledge And Expertise Of Renowned Researchers And Clinicians In The Fields Of Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, Critical Care Nephrology, And Transplantation - For An All-in-one, Indispensable Guide To Every Aspect Of This Fast-changing Field--résumé De L'éditeur. Section 1: Chronic Kidney Disease. Chronic Kidney Disease: Definitions, Epidemiology, Cost, And Outcomes -- Measurement And Estimation Of Kidney Function -- Diabetic Kidney Disease -- Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease -- Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly -- The Pediatric Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease -- Genetic Causes Of Chronic Kidney Disease -- Section 2: Complications And Management Of Chronic Kidney Disease. The Role Of The Chronic Kidney Disease Clinic And Multidisciplinary Team Care -- Anemia In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Mineral Bone Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Vitamin D Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Cardiovascular Disease In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Nutrent Metabolism And Protein-energy Wasting Chronic Kidney Disease -- Inflammation In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Sleep Disorders In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Depression And Neurocognitive Function In Chronic Kidney Disease -- Improving Drug Use And Dosing In Chronic Kidney Disease -- The Pathophysiology Of Uremia -- Timing, Initiation And Modality Options For Renal Replacement Therapy -- Ethical Challenges And The Role Of Palliative Care In Kidney Disease -- Section 3: Dialysis. Dialysis And End-stage Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Cost, And Outcomes -- Principles Of Hemodialysis -- Vascular Access -- Hemodialysis Adequacy -- Hemodialysis-associated Infections -- Acute Complications Associated Of Hemodialysis -- Frequent Hemodialysis: Physiological, Epidemiological, And Practical Aspects -- Home Hemodialysis -- Peritoneal Physiology -- The Use And Outcomes Of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions, Prescription And Adequacy -- Peritoneal Dialysis-related Infections -- Noninfectious Complications Of Peritoneal Dialysis -- Section 4: Transplantation. Transplant Epidemiology, Costs And Outcomes -- Transplantation Immunobiology -- Evaluation Of Donors And Recipients -- Surgical Management Of The Renal Transplant Recipient -- Immunosuppresive Therapy -- Diagnosis And Therapy Of Graft Dysfunction -- Infection In Renal Transplant Recipients -- Noninfectious Complications After Kidney Transplantation -- Recurrent And De Novo Renal Diseases After Kidney Transplantation -- Pediatric Renal Transplantation -- Chronic Kidney Disease In The Kidney Transplant Recipient -- Section 5: Acute Kidney Injury. The Epidemiology Of Acute Kidney Injury -- Metabolic And Nutritional Complications Of Acute Kidney Injury -- Acute Kidney Injury Diagnostics And Biomarkers -- Pharmacological Interventions In Acute Kidney Injury -- Renal Replacement Therapy For Acute Kidney Injury. [edited By] Jonathan Himmelfarb, T. Alp Ikizler. Complemented By Brenner And Rector's The Kidney / [edited By] Karl Skorecki, Glenn M. Chertow, Philip A. Marsden, Maarten W. Taal, Alan S.l. Yu. Tenth Edition. 2016. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.