Chronic Kidney Disease: A practical guide to understanding and management (Oxford Clinical Nephrology Series)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly becoming a global healthcare problem, with an estimated 10% of the general population affected. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important that primary care physicians and general physicians as well as aspiring nephrologists, have a firm understanding of CKD as well as access to the key information. Practical and highly-accessible, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the understanding and management of patients with CKD. It offers both primary care physicians and non-nephrology specialists an introduction to and insights into the disease. The emphasis is on practical guidance and a focused approach to a number of key topics in the field including epidemiology, diagnosis and management, and the impact of CKD on chronic, non-communicable disease. This is a unique contribution by internationally-renowned experts in the CKD field to update primary care physicians and non-specialists on major issues in this growing global healthcare problem. Contents 10 List of Contributors 14 Abbreviations 16 1 Practical approaches to the diagnosis and management of common nephrological problems 20 Practical approach to proteinuria 20 Practical approach to haematuria 27 Practical approach to urinary tract infections (UTIs) 33 Practical approach to hypertension 36 Practical approach to glomerulonephritis 39 Practical approach to diabetic kidney disease 45 Practical approach to drugs in CKD 52 2 Chronic kidney disease (CKD): the scope of the global problem 58 Definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 58 Classification of CKD as defined by KDOQI and modified and endorsed by KDIGO 58 Use of the NKF-KDIGO classification in population estimates of CKD prevalence 59 Definition of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 60 Problems with international comparisons of ESRD data 60 Prevalence of CKD in Western countries 61 Prevalence of CKD in Asian countries 67 Prevalence of CKD in ethnic minorities in the West 69 Prevalence of CKD in developing countries 72 Incidence of CKD in Western countries 76 Incidence of CKD in ethnic minorities in the West 77 Prevalence of treated ESRD 78 Incidence of treated ESRD 80 Treated ESRD in developing countries 84 Global cost of CKD and ESRD 85 3 Chronic kidney disease: classification, risk factors, and natural history 96 Introduction 96 Definition, classification, and clinical action plan 97 Natural history and outcomes of CKD 103 Risk factors for CKD 107 4 Recommendations for screening and detection of chronic kidney disease 116 Introduction 116 Principles of screening and CKD 116 Targeted screening: high-risk groups 127 Current screening guidelines 129 Other strategies 131 Conclusion 133 5 Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease 140 Introduction 140 Kidney disease: cardiovascular risk factor? 140 Identifying those individuals with CKD who are at highest risk of ischaemic heart disease: markers and equations 146 Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD in CKD 147 Is cardiovascular disease a CKD risk factor? 168 Conclusions 168 6 Chronic kidney disease and infectious disease 174 Introduction 174 Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) due to infection 175 Mechanisms involved in the development of CKD associated with infection 175 Bacterial glomerulopathy 177 Bacterial interstitial nephritis 181 Mycobacterial infection 183 Viral glomerulopathy 186 Viral interstitial nephritis 195 Protozoal infection 196 Fungal infection 198 Chronic infective inflammation 198 Conclusion 201 7 Unique aspects of chronic kidney disease in the developing countries 204 Introduction 204 Prevalence 204 Risk factors 208 Diagnosis 211 Treatment options 213 The socio-economic impact of prevention programmes 219 8 Management of chronic kidney disease: controlling hypertension and reducing proteinuria 226 Introduction 226 Hypertension and the risk of development of CKD 226 Hypertension and the risk of progression of CKD 227 Causes of hypertension in CKD 230 Guidelines for the management of hypertension 231 Targeting proteinuria 235 Management of hypertension in CKD 236 Risk stratification of CKD and CVD risk 238 Conclusion 244 9 Clinical strategies for the management of chronic kidney disease complications: perspectives for primary care 250 Overview and perspective: complications of chronic kidney disease 250 CVD in CKD 251 Anaemia in CKD 254 Management of mineral and bone metabolism abnormalities in CKD 256 Management of metabolic acidosis in CKD 259 CKD and malnutrition 260 Preparing CKD patients for RRT or conservative care 263 10 Management of dialysis and transplantation patients: perspectives for primary care 274 General information 274 Overview of HD 275 Overview of PD 277 Transplant process 278 Preventative care: immunizations and malignancy surveillance 281 Dietary recommendations for patients on RRT 283 Common comorbidities in patients on RRT 285 Common drug questions in dialysis and transplantation 290 Conclusion 293 Index 296 A 296 B 297 C 297 D 298 E 299 F 299 G 299 H 299 I 300 J 300 K 300 L 301 M 301 N 301 O 301 P 302 R 302 S 303 T 303 U 303 V 304 W 304 X 304 Practical approaches to the diagnosis and management of common nephrological problems / Bisher Kawar ... [et al.] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) : the scope of the global problem / Anne T. Reutens and Robert C. Atkins Chronic kidney disease : classification, risk factors, and natural history / Macellus Assiago, Andrew S. Levey, and Lesley A. Stevens Recommendations for screening and detection of chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease / Daniel E. Weiner and Mark J. Sarnak Chronic kidney disease and infectious disease / Kar Neng Lai, Andrew S.H. Lai, and Sydney C.W. Tang Unique aspects of chronic kidney disease in the developing countries / Rashad Barsoum Management of chronic kidney disease : controlling hypertension and reducing proteinuria / Aimun Ahmed, Fairol H. Ibrahim, and Meguid El Nahas Clinical strategies for the management of chronic kidney disease complications : perspectives for primary care / Monica Beaulieu, Neil Boudville, and Adeera Levin Management of dialysis and transplantation patients : perspectives for primary care / Monica Beaulieu, Jagbir Gill, and Adeera Levin.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is rapidly becoming a global healthcare problem with an estimated 10% of the general population affected. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important that primary care physicians and general physic, as well as aspiring nephrologists, have a firm understanding of CKD as well as access to the key information.

Practical and highly-accessible, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the understanding and management of patients with CKD. It offers both primary care physicians and non-nephrology specialists an introduction to and insights into the disease. The emphasis is on practical guidance and a focused approach to a number of key topics in the field including epidemiology, diagnosis and management, and the impact of CKD on chronic, non-communicable disease.

This is a unique contribution by internationally renowned experts in the CKD field to update primary care physicians and non-specialists on major issues in this growing global healthcare problem.

This book provides primary care physicians and non-nephrology specialists with an introduction to and insights into chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a practical and focused approach to key topics in the field including epidemiology and diagnosis and management, as well as the impact of CKD on chronic, non-communicable disease.