Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of Chinese drugs volume 1: thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography

Description of the 80 mostly used Chinese drugs Detailed thin layer and HPLC analytical data Contains numerous coloured figures This manual, to be published in two volumes, provides a condensed overview of the analytical investigation of 80 Chinese Herbal Drugs which are most frequently in use. Thin layer chromatographic-, high pressure liquid chromatographic- and gas chromatographic-fingerprint analytical techniques allow the detection of all main low-molecular constituents of a plant drug and even single constituents can be visualized. Analytical results thereof are shown in numerous color figures. The quality proof of the investigation meets the standard of the European Drug Regulatory Authority. Furthermore, this volume gives a detailed description of the analytical methods used for several drugs. Bioactive constituents, pharmacological and biological activities of several single herbal drugs as well as their therapeutic applications are discussed. Title Page 2 Copyright Page 3 Editorial 4 Table of Contents 5 Contents alphabetically 9 Acknowledgements 16 Introduction 17 Guidelines for the experimental work 21 Title Page 24 Copyright Page 25 Contents alphabetically 28 Radix Bupleuri – Chaihu 35 Pharmacopoeias 35 Official cial drugs 35 Adulterations 35 Description of the drugs 35 Pretreatment of the raw drug 35 Medicinal use 35 Main constituents 36 Pharmacology 36 TLC fingerprint analysis 38 HPLC finngerprint analysis 40 Discussion 44 References 45 Additional references 45 Bulbus Fritillariae – Beimu 46 Pharmacopoeia 46 Official drugs 46 Description of the drug 46 Pretreatment of the raw drug 46 Medicinal Use 47 Main constituents 47 Pharmacology 47 TLC fingerprint analysis 48 HPLC fingerprint analysis 51 Discussion 53 References 54 Additional references 54 Radix Rehmanniae – Dihuang 55 Pharmacopoeia 55 Official cial drugs 55 Description of the drug 55 Pretreatment of the raw drug 55 Medicinal use 55 Main Constituents 56 Pharmacology 58 TLC fingerprint analysis 58 HPLC finngerprint analysis 61 References 67 Additional references 67 Fructus Schisandrae – Wuweizi 68 Pharmacopoeia 68 Official drugs 68 Description of the drug(1) 68 Pretreatment of raw drug 68 Medicinal use 68 Main constituents 70 Pharmacology 70 TLC fingerprint analysis 70 HPLC fingerprint analysis 72 Discussion 75 References 75 Additional references 75 Radix et Rhizoma Asari – Xixin 76 Pharmacopoeias 76 Official drugs 76 Origin 76 Description of the drug 76 Medicinal use 77 Main constituents 77 Pharmacology 79 TLC-fingerprint analysis 80 Drug samples 82 Test substances 82 HPLC fingerprint analysis 83 References 88 Herba Houttuyniae cordatae – Yuxingcao 89 Pharmacopoeias 89 Official drug 89 Origin 89 Description of the drug 89 Medicinal use 89 Main constituents 90 Pharmacology 90 TLC analysis: 91 HPLC fingerprint analysis 94 References 99 Additional references 99 Rhizoma Pinelliae – Banxia 100 Pharmacopoeia 100 Official drug 100 Description of the drug 100 Substitute drugs 100 Falsification 100 Pretreatment of the raw drug 100 Medicinal use 100 Main constituents 102 Miscellaneous compounds 102 Pharmacology 102 Toxicology 102 TLC-fingerprint analysis 103 HPLC fingerprint analysis 106 Discussion 110 References 110 Radix Astragali – Huang Qi 111 Pharmacopoeias 111 Official drugs 111 Description of the official drugs 111 Falsification of drugs 111 Pretreatment of the raw drug 111 Medicinal use 112 Main constituents 112 Pharmacology 114 Toxicology 114 TLC fingerprint analysis 114 HPLC fingerprint analysis 119 Discussion 124 References 125 Additional References 126 Radix Angelicae pubescentis – Duhuo 127 Pharmacopoeias 127 Official drug 127 Substitutes 127 Description of the drug 127 Pretreatment of the raw drug 127 Medicinal use 127 Main constituents 128 Pharmacology 128 TLC fingerprint analysis 130 HPLC fingerprint analysis 133 Discussion 138 References 138 Additional reference 139 Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephalae Baizhu 140 Pharmacopoeias 140 Official drugs 140 Synonyma 140 Description of the drug 140 Allied drug 140 Pretreatment of raw drug 141 Medicinal use 141 Main constituents 141 Pharmacology 142 TLC fingerprint analysis 143 HPLC fingerprint analysis 146 Discussion 152 References 152 Rhizoma Belamcandae sinensis Shegan 153 Pharmacopoeia 153 Official drugs 153 Places of origin 153 Description of the drug 153 Adulterants 153 Pre-treatment of the raw drug 153 Medicinal use 153 Main constituents: 154 Pharmacology 155 TLC fingerprint analysis 155 HPLC fingerprint analysis 159 Comparative HPLC investigations of different drug samples 162 Description and discussion of the chromatograms 164 Discussion 164 References 165 Additional references 165 Herba Lycopi lucidi – Zelan 166 Phamacopoeia 166 Official drug 166 Description of the drug 166 Pretreatment of the raw drug 166 Medicinal use 166 Pharmacology 168 TLC analysis 168 HPLC fingerprint analysis 169 References 174 Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii Qianghuo 175 Pharmacopoeia 175 Official drugs 175 Description of the drug 175 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 175 Medicinal use 175 Main constituents 176 Pharmacology 177 TLC fingerprint analysis 177 HPLC fingerprint analysis 180 Discussion 183 References 183 Additional references 184 Radix Angelicae sinensis Danggui 185 Pharmacopoeias 185 Official drugs 185 Description of the drug 185 Pretreatment of raw drug 185 Medicinal use 185 Main constituents 186 Pharmacology 186 TLC-fingerprint analysis 187 Discussion 190 HPLC fingerprint analysis 191 Description and Discussion 193 References 193 Additional references 194 Radix Angelicae dahuricae Baizhi 195 Pharmacopoeias 195 Official drugs 195 Description of the drug 195 Pretreatment of the raw drug 195 Medicinal use 195 Main constituents 196 Pharmacology 197 TLC-fingerprint analysis 197 Discussion 200 HPLC fingerprint analysis 200 Description 202 References 202 Radix Ligustici chuanxiong Chuanxiong 204 Pharmacopoeias 204 Official drugs 204 Description of the drug 204 Pretreatment of the raw drug 204 Medicinal use 204 Main constituents 205 Pharmacology 205 TLC-fingerprint analysis 206 HPLC fingerprint analysis 209 Discussion 211 References 211 Additional references 212 Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Huajiao 214 Pharmacopoeias 214 Official drugs 214 Description of the drug 214 Pretreatment of the raw drug 214 Medicinal use 214 Main constituents 215 Pharmacology 215 TLC-fingerprint analysis 217 HPLC fingerprint analysis 220 Discussion 223 References 224 Additional references 225 Cortex Magnoliae officinalis Houpo 226 Pharmacopoeia 226 Official drug 226 Origin 226 Description of the drug 226 Pretreatment of the raw drug 227 Medicinal use 227 Main constituents 227 Pharmacology 228 Toxicology 228 TLC-fingerprint-analysis: methanol extract 228 TLC-fingerprint-analysis: essential oil 229 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 230 Description 232 References 232 Additional references 232 Rhizoma Drynariae Gusuibu 233 Pharmacopoeia 233 Official drug 233 Origin 233 Description of the drug 233 Pretreatment of the raw drug 233 Medicinal use 233 Main constituents 234 Pharmacology 234 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 235 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 237 References 241 Additional reference 241 Radix Puerariae Ge Gen 242 Pharmacopoeia 242 Official drug 242 Description of the drugs 242 Substitute drugs 242 Pretreatment of the raw drug 242 Medicinal use 242 Main constituents 243 Isofl avonoids and derivatives 243 Sapogenins and saponins 243 Miscellaneous compounds 243 Pharmacology 243 Toxicology 244 TLC-fingerprint analysis 245 Saponines 246 Description of the TLC-chromatograms 247 HPLC fingerprint analysis 249 Description of the chromatograms 249 References 252 Additional references 253 Radix Codonopsis pilosulae Dangshen 254 Pharmacopoeia 254 Official drug 254 Description of the drug 254 Pretreatment of the raw drug 255 Medicinal use 255 Contraindication 255 Main constituents 255 Pharmacology 256 TLC-fingerprint analysis 257 Description of the TLC-chromatogram 258 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 259 Retention times of the main peaks 259 References 263 Additional references 264 Fructus Gardeniae Zhizi 265 Pharmacopoeia 265 Official drug 265 Origin 265 Description of the drug 265 Pretreatment of the raw drug 265 Medicinal use 265 Contraindication 266 Main constituents 266 Pharmacology 266 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 268 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 270 References 273 Rhizoma Gastrodiae Tianma 274 Pharmacopoeia 274 Official drug 274 Origin 274 Description of the drug 274 Pretreatment of the raw drug 274 Medicinal use 274 Main constituents 275 Pharmacology 275 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 276 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 279 References 281 Herba Ecliptae Mohanlian 282 Pharmacopoeia 282 Official drug 282 Origin 282 Description of the drug 282 Pretreatment of the raw drug 282 Medicinal use 282 Main constituents 283 Pharmacology 283 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 284 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 287 References 290 Herba Andrographis Chuanxinlian 291 Pharmacopoeia 291 Official drug 291 Descripition of the drug 291 Pretreatment of the raw drug 291 Medicinial use 291 Main constituents 292 Pharmacology 293 Clinical trial 293 TLC fingerprint analysis 293 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 295 References 297 Additional references 298 Radix Paeoniae albae/rubrae Baishao/Chishao 299 Pharmacopoeias 299 Official drug 299 Descripition of the drug 299 Pretreatment of the raw drug 299 Medicinal use 300 Main constituents 301 Pharmacology 302 TLC fingerprint analysis 302 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 305 References 308 Additional references 308 Flos Sophorae Huaimi /Huaihua 309 Pharmacopoeia 309 Official drug 309 Origin 309 Description of the drug 309 Pretreatment of the raw drug 309 Medicinal use 310 Main constituents 310 Pharmacology 312 TLC-fingerprint analysis 312 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 314 References 317 Rhizoma Coptidis – Huanglian 318 Pharmacopoeia 318 Official drugs 318 Origin 318 Description of the drug 318 Pretreatment of the raw drug 318 Medicinal use 319 Main constituents 319 Pharmacology 319 Toxicology 321 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 321 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 323 References 326 Additional references 326 Radix Stephaniae tetrandrae Hanfangji 327 Pharmacopoeia 327 Official drug 327 Origin 327 Description of the drug 327 Pretreatment of the raw drug 327 Processing 327 Medicinal use 327 Main constituents 327 Pharmacology 329 Adulterations 329 TLC-fingerprint analysis 329 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 331 Quantitation of Tetrandrine 333 Proof of Stephaniae tetr. radix on the absence of Aristolochiae radix 335 TLC-fingerprint analysis 335 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 337 References 339 Additional references 340 Semen Ziziphi spinosae Suanzaoren 341 Pharmacopoeia 341 Official drugs 341 Origin 341 Description of the drug 341 Pretreatment of the raw drug 341 Medicinal use 341 Contraindication 342 Main constituents 342 Pharmacology 344 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 344 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 347 References 349 Additional references 350 Fructus Amomi – Sharen / Fructus Amomi rotundi – Doukou 351 Pharmacopoeia 351 Official drugs 351 Origin 351 Description of the drug 351 Pretreatment of theraw drug 352 Medicinal use 352 Main constituents 353 Pharmacology 353 Toxicology 354 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 354 GC-fingerprint-analysis 355 References 358 Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis Gouteng 359 Pharmacopoeia 359 Official drugs 359 Origin 359 Description of the drug 359 Pretreatment of the drug 359 Medicinal use 359 Main constituents 360 Pharmacology 361 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 362 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 366 References 369 Radix Clematidis Weilingxian 370 Pharmacopoeia 370 Official drug 370 Origin 370 Description of the drug 370 Pretreatment of the raw drug 370 Medicinial use 371 Main constituents 371 Triterpenoids 371 Pharmacology 372 TLC fingerprint analysis 373 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 375 Proof of Clematidis radix on the absence of Aristolochiae radix 379 TLC-fingerprint analysis 379 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 381 References 383 Caulis Sinomenii Qingfengteng 384 Pharmacopoeia 384 Official drug 384 Descripition of the drug 384 Pretreatment of the raw drug 384 Medicinial use 384 Main constituents 384 Pharmacology 386 Toxicity 386 TLC fingerprint analysis 386 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 389 Proof of Sinomenii caulis on the absence of Aristolochiae radix 391 TLC-fingerprint analysis 391 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 393 References 395 Additional reference 395 Fructus Forsythiae Lianqiao 396 Pharmacopoeia 396 Official drug 396 Description of the drug 396 Medicinial use 396 Main constituents 397 Pharmacology 397 TLC fingerprint analysis 397 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 403 References 405 Additional references 405 Fructus Evodiae Wuzhuyu 406 Pharmacopoeia 406 Official drugs 406 Origin 406 Description of the drug 406 Pretreatment of the raw drug 406 Medicinal use 406 Main constituents 407 Pharmacology 408 Toxicology 409 TLC-fingerprint analysis 409 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 413 References 415 Additional references 416 Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Zhimu 417 Pharmacopoeia 417 Official drug 417 Description of the drug 417 Provinces 417 Pretreatment of the raw drug 417 Medicinial use 417 Toxicity 418 Main constituents 418 Pharmacology 418 TLC fingerprint analysis 420 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 423 References 427 Additional references 427 Radix Acanthopanacis senticosi Ciwujia 428 Pharmacopoeia 428 Official drugs 428 Origin 428 Description of the drug 428 Pretreatment of the raw drug 428 Production of the extract 428 Medicinal use 428 Main constituents 429 Contraindication 430 Pharmacology/clinic 430 TLC-fingerprint analysis 431 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 434 References 437 Additional reference 438 Radix Scrophulariae Xuanshen 439 Pharmacopoeia 439 Official drugs 439 Origin 439 Description of the drug 439 Pretreatment of the raw drug 439 Medicinal use 439 Pharmacology 443 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 443 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 445 References 449 Additional references 449 Radix Polygoni multifl ori Heshouwu 450 Pharmacopoeia 450 Official drugs 450 Origin 450 Description of the drug 450 Pretreatment of the raw drug 450 Processing 450 Medicinal use 450 Main constituents 451 Pharmacology 451 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 452 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 457 References 460 Additional references 461 Drug monograph, Marker compounds, Chemical classifi cation, Processing -1 Rhizoma Alismatis Zexie 462 Pharmacopoeia 462 Official drugs 462 Origin 462 Description of the drug 462 Pretreatment of the raw drug 462 Medicinal use 462 Contraindication 463 Main constituents 463 Pharmacology 463 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 465 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 466 References 468 Flos Carthami Honghua 470 Pharmacopoeia 470 Official drug 470 Descripition of the drug 470 Medicinal use 470 Main constituents 471 Pharmacology 473 Caution 473 TLC-fingerprint analysis 473 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 475 References 478 Herba Epimedii Yinyanghuo 479 Pharmacopoeia 479 Official drug 479 Origin 479 Description of the drug 479 Pretreatment of the raw drug 480 Medicinal use 480 Contraindication 480 Main constituents 480 Pharmacology 483 TLC-fingerprint analysis 483 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 486 References 491 Additional References 492 Fructus Cnidii Shechuangzi 493 Pharmacopoeia 493 Official drug 493 Origin 493 Description of the drug 493 Pretreatment of the raw drug 493 Medicinal use 493 Contraindication 494 Main constituents 494 Pharmacology 495 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 496 Coumarins 496 Essential oil 498 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 499 Coumarins 499 References 501 Cortex Lycii radicis Digupi 503 Pharmacopoeia 503 Official drug 503 Origin 503 Description of the drug 503 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 503 Medicinal use 503 Contraindications and interactions 504 Main constituents 504 Pharmacology 505 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 506 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 510 References 512 Fructus Lycii Gouqizi 514 Pharmacopoeia 514 Official drug 514 Origin 514 Description of the drug 514 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 514 Medicinal application (a)and dietetic use (b) 514 Main constituents 515 Minor constituents 515 Pharmacology 517 Contraindications and interactions 517 TLC-fingerprint-analysis 517 HPLC-fingerprint-analysis 522 References 526 Additional References 527 Cortex Mori radicis Sangbaipi 528 Pharmacopoeia 528 Official drug 528 Origin 528 Descriptions of the drug 528 Pretreatment of the raw drug 528 Medicinal use 528 Main constituents 529 Pharmacology 531 TLC fingerprint analysis 531 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 536 References 541 Folium Mori Sangye 542 Pharmacopoeia 542 Official drug 542 Origin 542 Descriptions of the drug 542 Pretreatment of the raw drug 542 Medicinal use 542 Main constituents 543 Pharmacology 544 TLC fingerprint analysis 544 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 546 References 550 Additional References 550 Rhizoma Cimicifugae Shengma 551 Pharmacopoeia 551 Official drug 551 Origin 551 Descriptions of the drug 551 Pretreatment of the raw drug 551 Medicinal use 551 Main constituents 552 Pharmacology 554 TLC fingerprint analysis 554 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 558 References 561 Additional References 563 Cortex Phellodendri amurensis Guanhuangbo Cortex Phellodendri chinensis Huangbo 564 Pharmacopoeia 564 Official drugs 564 Origin 564 Descriptions of the drugs 564 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 565 Medicinal use 565 Main constituents 566 Pharmacology 568 Toxicology 568 TLC fingerprint analysis 568 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 573 References 576 Additional References 576 Flos Lonicerae – Shanyinhua Flos Lonicerae Japonicae – Jinyinhua Caulis Lonicerae Japonicae – Rendongteng 577 Pharmacopoeia 577 Official drugs 577 Origin 577 Descriptions of the drug 577 Pretreatment of the raw drug 578 Medicinal use 578 Main constituents 580 Pharmacology 582 TLC fingerprint analysis 582 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 585 References 589 Additional references 590 Rhizoma Curcumae longae – Jianghuang Rhizoma Curcumae – Ezhu Radix Curcumae – Yujin 591 Pharmacopoeia 591 Official drugs 591 Origin 591 Description of the drugs 592 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 593 Medicinal use 593 Contraindication 595 Main constituents 595 Pharmacology 596 TLC- fingerprint- analysis of the MeOH-extracts of various Rhizoma and Radix Curcuma species 597 TLC-fingerprint-analysis of essential oil of various Rhizoma and Radix Curcumae species 597 HPLC- fingerprint- analysis 601 References 603 Additional references 604 Rhizoma Dioscoreae oppositae – Shanyao Rhizoma Dioscoreae hypoglaucae – Fenbixie Rhizoma Dioscoreae nipponicae – Chuanshanlong Rhizoma Dioscoreae septemlobae – Mianbixie 605 Pharmacopoeia 605 Official drug 605 Origin 605 Description of the drugs 605 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 606 Medicinal use 607 Contraindication/Precaution 608 Constituents 609 Pharmacology 611 TLC fingerprint analysis of steroid saponins and steroid sapogenins 611 TLC – fingerprint – analysis of steroid sapogenins after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of Dioscorea spp. extracts 612 HPLC-fingerprint – analysis 616 Conclusion 620 References 620 Ganoderma – Lingzhi 622 Pharmacopoeia 622 Official drugs 622 Origin 622 Descriptions of the drug 622 Medicinal use 622 Main constituents 623 Other constituents 623 Pharmacology 625 TLC fingerprint analysis 625 TLC-fingerprint analysis 626 I. HPLC-fingerprint analysis of triterpenes 627 II. HPLC-fingerprint analysis of ergosterol 628 Conclusion 632 References 632 Additional references 633 Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae – Chenpi Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride – Qingpi 635 Pharmacopoeia 635 Official drug 635 Origin 635 Descriptions of the drug 635 Medicinal use 636 Main constituents 637 Pharmacology 639 TLC-fingerprint analysis 640 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 644 Conclusion 650 References 651 Rhizoma Corydalis – Yanhusuo 652 Pharmacopoeia 652 Official drugs 652 Origin 652 Description of the drug 652 Medicinal use 652 Main constituents 653 Pharmacology 655 TLC-fingerprint analysis 655 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 658 Conclusion 662 References 662 Radix Dipsaci – Xuduan 664 Pharmacopoeia 664 Official drug 664 Origin 664 Description of the drug 664 Pretreatment of the raw drug 664 Medicinal use 664 Main constituents 665 Pharmacology 666 TLC fingerprint analysis 667 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 671 References 676 Rhizoma Atractylodis lanceae Cangzhu 677 Pharmacopoeias 677 Official drugs 677 Origin 677 Synonyms 677 Description of the drug 678 Pretreatment of raw drug 678 Medicinal use 678 Main constituents 679 Pharmacology 681 TLC fingerprint analysis 682 HPLC fingerprint analysis 686 Discussion 690 References 691 Herba Leonuri – Yimucao 693 Pharmacopoeia 693 Official drug 693 Synonyms 693 Description of the drug 693 Pretreatment of raw drug 693 Medicinal use 693 Main Constituents 694 Pharmacology 695 Toxicology 696 TLC fingerprint analysis: 􀃀 avonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids 696 TLC fingerprint analysis: iridoids 698 HPLC fingerprint analysis 699 Description of the HPLC-chromatograms 701 Discussion 703 References 703 Flos Magnoliae – Xinyi 704 Pharmacopoeia 704 Official drugs 704 Origin 704 Description of the drug 704 Pretreatment of raw drug 704 Medicinal use 705 Constituents 705 Pharmacology 705 Toxicology 707 TLC fingerprint analysis: tetrahydrofurofuran-type lignans 707 TLC fingerprint analysis: essential oils 708 HPLC fingerprint analysis 710 Description of the HPLC-chromatogram 711 Discussion 712 Acknowledgement 712 References 712 Fructus Piperis longi – Bibo 713 Pharmacopoeia 713 Official drugs 713 Substitutes 713 Synonym 713 Origin 713 Description of the drug 713 Pretreatment of the raw drug 713 Medicinal use 713 Main constituents 714 Pharmacology 715 TLC-Fingerprint analysis 716 Discussion 719 HPLC fingerprint analysis 720 Description 722 Discussion: Piper longum and related pepper species 723 References 724 Radix Sophorae flavescentis – Kushen 726 Pharmacopoeias 726 Official drugs 726 Origin 726 Synonyms 726 Adulteration 726 Description of the drug 726 Pretreatment of raw drug 726 Medicinal use 726 Main constituents 727 Pharmacology 729 Toxicology 729 TLC fingerprint analysis 729 Discussion 732 HPLC fingerprint analysis 732 Conclusion 736 References 736 Radix Scutellariae – Huangqin 738 Pharmacopoeia 738 Official drug 738 Origin 738 Description of the drug 738 Substitute drugs 738 Pre-treatment of the raw drug 738 Medicinal use 739 Main constituents 739 Main flavonoids 739 Minor flavonoids and other constituents 740 Pharmacology 740 TLC-fingerprint analysis 742 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 744 References 748 Fructus Chaenomelis – Mugua 749 Pharmacopoeia 749 Official drug 749 Origin 749 Synonyms 749 Description of the drug 749 Pretreatment of raw drug 749 Medicinal use 749 Main constituents 750 Pharmacology 752 TLC fingerprint analysis 752 HPLC fingerprint analysis 755 Description of the HPLC-Chromatogram 756 Discussion 756 References 757 Rhizoma Acori calami – Zangchangpu Rhizoma Acori tatarinowii – Sichangpu 758 Pharmacopoeia 758 Official drugs 758 Origin 758 Description of the drugs 758 Pretreatment of the raw drug 759 Medicinal use 759 Main constituents 760 Pharmacology 761 Toxicology 761 TLC- fingerprint-analysis 762 GC-MS analysis 765 Conclusion 769 References 769 Radix Isatidis – Banlangen 771 Pharmacopoeias 771 Official Drugs 771 Synonyms 771 Description of the drug 771 Pretreatment of raw drug 771 Medicinal use 771 Main constituents 772 Pharmacology 772 TLC and HPLC fingerprint analysis 774 TLC fingerprint analysis 775 HPLC fingerprint analysis 777 Conclusion 781 References 782 Fructus Tribuli – Jili (Baijili) 784 Pharmacopoeia 784 Official drug 784 Origin 784 Description of the drug 784 Pretreatment of the raw drug 784 Medicinal use 784 Main constituents 785 Pharmacology 785 TLC fingerprint analysis 787 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 791 Conclusion 795 References 795 Radix Ophiopogonis – Maidong 797 Pharmacopoeia 797 Official drug 797 Origin 797 Description of the drug 797 Pretreatment of the raw drug 797 Medicinal use 797 Main constituents 798 Pharmacology 800 TLC fingerprint analysis 800 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 803 Conclusion 807 References 807 Cortex Eucommiae – Duzhong 809 Pharmacopoeia 809 Official drug 809 Origin 809 Description of the drug 809 Pretreatment of the raw drug 809 Medicinal use 809 Main constituents 810 Pharmacology 810 TLC fingerprint analysis 813 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 814 I. HPLC-fingerprint analysis of Cortex Eucommiae samples 1-4 (Figure 3a and b) 814 II. HPLC-fingerprint analysis of Cortex Eucommiae sample 2 for the identi􀂿 cation of aucubin 815 Conclusion 819 References 819 Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng Sanqi 820 Pharmacopoeia 820 Official drug 820 Origin 820 Description of the drugs 820 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 820 Medicinal use 820 Characteristic main constituents 821 Minor constituents 821 Pharmacology 823 TLC fingerprint analysis 824 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 827 Note 831 Conclusion 831 References 832 Radix et Rhizoma Rhei – Dahuang 833 Pharmacopoeia 833 Official drugs 833 Origin 833 Description of the drug 833 Pretreatment of the raw drug 833 Medicinal use 834 Main constituents 835 Minor constituents 835 Pharmacology 837 TLC fingerprint analysis 838 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 842 Conclusion 849 Note 849 References 850 Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng – Renshen Radix Panacis Quinquefolii – Xiyangshen 851 Pharmacopoeia 851 Official drugs 851 Origin 851 Description of the drugs 851 Pretreatment of the raw drugs 852 Medicinal use 852 Characteristic main constituents of Panax ginseng 853 Minor constituents 854 Characteristic main constituents of Panax quinquefolium 854 Minor constituents 854 Pharmacology of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium 857 TLC fingerprint analysis 858 Comparison with Panax notoginseng root TLC – fingerprint 861 HPLC – fingerprint analysis 861 Notes 866 Conclusion 866 References 866 Herba Siegesbeckiae Xixiancao 868 Pharmacopoeia 868 Official drugs 868 Origin 868 Descriptions of the drug 868 Pretreatment of the raw drug 868 Medicinal use 868 Main constituents 869 Pharmacology 870 TLC fingerprint analysis 871 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 873 Conclusion 876 References 876 Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae Danshen 878 Pharmacopoeia 878 Official drugs 878 Origin 878 Description of the drug 878 Pretreatment of the raw drug 878 Medicinal use (Clinical application) 878 Constituents 879 TLC-fingerprint analysis 883 TLC-fingerprint analysis of tanshinones and phenol/caffeoyl carboxylic acids of Salvia miltiorrhiza root/rhizome extract 883 HPLC-fingerprint analysis of tanshinones and phenol/caffeoyl carboxylic acids of Salvia miltiorrhiza root/rhizome extracts 887 Conclusion 895 References 895 Poria – Fuling 897 Pharmacopoeia 897 Official drugs 897 Synonyms 897 Origin 897 Description of the drug 897 Pretreatment of the raw drug 897 Medicinal use 897 Constituents 898 Pharmacology 900 TLC- and HPLC-fingerprint analysis 900 TLC-fingerprint analysis 900 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 902 Conclusion 907 References 907 Semen Cassiae – Juemingzi 909 Pharmacopoeia 909 Official drugs 909 Origin 909 Description of the drugs 909 Pretreatment of the raw drug 909 Medicinal use 910 Main constituents 910 Pharmacology 914 TLC fingerprint analysis 915 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 918 Conclusion 923 References 923 Folium Camelliae – Cha-yeh 925 Pharmacopoeia 925 Official drug 925 Origin 925 Descriptions of the drug 925 Pretreatment of the raw drug 925 Medicinal use 925 Main constituents 926 Pharmacology/Molecular biology 928 Toxicology 929 Pharmacokinetic and pre/clinical studies 929 TLC fingerprint analysis 930 HPLC-fingerprint analysis of green and black tea 933 Conclusion 937 References 938 Herba Artemisiae Scopariae Yinchen 940 Pharmacopoeia 940 Official drugs 940 Origin 940 Description of the drugs 940 Pretreatment of the raw drug 941 Medicinal use 941 Main constituents 941 Pharmacology 943 Toxicology 944 TLC fingerprint analysis 944 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 946 Conclusion 948 References 949 Radix Aconiti Lateralis praeparata Fuzi Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffi i praeparata Zhicaowu 950 Pharmacopoeia 950 Radix Aconiti Lateralis praeparata 950 Official drug 950 Processed forms 950 Origin 950 Descriptions of the drugs 951 Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii praeparata 951 Official drug 951 Processing-Method 951 Origin 951 Description of the drug 951 Medicinal use 951 TLC-fingerprint analysis 955 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 958 Conclusion 962 References 962 Cortex Cinnamomi Rougui 963 Pharmacopoeia 963 Official drug 963 Origin 963 Description of the drugs 963 Pretreatment of the raw drug 963 Medicinal use 963 Main constituents 964 Pharmacology 966 TLC fingerprint analysis 967 HPLC-fingerprint analysis 972 Conclusion 978 References 978 Appendix 980 Index 985 Drug monograph, Marker compounds,Chemical classifi cation, Processing 988 Appendix 994 Index 999 Drug monograph, Marker compounds,Chemical classifi cation, Processing 1002