Chitin and chitosan: proceedings of the second International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan, July 12-14, 1982, Sapporo, Japan

Offers a comprehensive guide to the isolation, properties and applications of chitin and chitosan Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications presents a comprehensive review of the isolation, properties and applications of chitin and chitosan. These promising biomaterials have the potential to be broadly applied and there is a growing market for these biopolymers in areas such as medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, agricultural, textile, cosmetics, nanoparticles and more.The authors – noted experts in the field – explore the isolation, characterization and the physical and chemical properties of chitin and chitosan. They also examine their properties such as hydrogels, immunomodulation and biotechnology, antimicrobial activity and chemical enzymatic modifications. The book offers an analysis of the myriad medical and pharmaceutical applications as well as a review of applications in other areas. In addition, the authors discuss regulations, markets and perspectives for the use of chitin and chitosan. This important book:• Offers a thorough review of the isolation, properties and applications of chitin and chitosan.• Contains information on the wide-ranging applications and growing market demand for chitin and chitosan• Includes a discussion of current regulations and the outlook for the futureWritten for Researchers in academia and industry who are working in the fields of chitin and chitosan, Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications offers a review of these promising biomaterials that have great potential due to their material properties and biological functionalities. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 7 Copyright Page......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 List of Contributors......Page 19 Series Preface......Page 23 Preface......Page 25 Chapter 1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation......Page 27 1.1.2 Different Crystalline Forms of Chitin......Page 28 1.2.1 Sources of Chitin......Page 31 1.2.2 Sources for Chitosan......Page 36 1.3.1 Technology Principles......Page 37 1.3.2 Isolation of Chitin from Crustaceans......Page 39 1.3.4 Isolation of Chitin from Other Biomass Types......Page 42 1.4.1 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan......Page 45 1.4.2 Chitosan Extracted from Fungi......Page 50 1.5 Towards Commercial Applications......Page 51 References......Page 54 2.1 Introduction......Page 61 2.2 Brief Overview of Classical Methods of Isolating Chitin from Invertebrates......Page 64 2.3 The Modern Approach to Chitin Isolation from Sponges......Page 66 2.3.1 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida)......Page 67 2.3.2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Demosponges (Demospongiae)......Page 69 2.4.1 Poriferan Chitin and Modern Bioinspired Materials Science......Page 75 2.4.2 Chitinous 3D Scaffolds of Sponge Origin for Tissue Engineering......Page 77 References......Page 80 Chapter 3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and its Degradation Products......Page 87 3.1.1 Determination of Molar Mass......Page 88 3.1.2 Determination of the Deacetylation Degree......Page 93 3.1.4 Determination of Nitrogen......Page 96 3.1.6 Determination of Heavy Metal Content......Page 97 3.1.9 Determination of Water Content......Page 98 3.1.11 Quantitative Determination of Chitosan by Ninhydrin......Page 99 3.2 Products of Degradation and their Application......Page 100 References......Page 103 Chapter 4 New Developments in the Analysis of Partially Acetylated Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers......Page 107 4.1 Introduction......Page 108 4.2.1 Degree of Polymerisation (DP), Fraction and Pattern of Acetylation (FA and PA)......Page 109 4.3.1 Molecular Weight (MW) / Degree of Polymerisation (DP) and its Dispersity (ÐMW / ÐDP)......Page 112 4.3.2 Fraction of Acetylation (FA) and its Dispersity (ÐFA)......Page 113 4.3.3 Pattern of Acetylation (PA)......Page 115 4.4 Outlook......Page 117 References......Page 118 5.1 Introduction......Page 123 5.2 Chitosan-Based Multilayered Hydrogels......Page 124 5.2.1 Periodic Precipitation......Page 125 5.2.3 Induced by Electrical Signals......Page 126 5.2.5 Sequential Curing......Page 127 5.3 Chitin/Chitosan Physical Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System......Page 129 5.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System......Page 130 5.4.1 Physical Association Networks......Page 134 5.4.2 Chemical Association Networks......Page 136 5.4.3 Double-Network Hydrogels......Page 142 5.5.1 Physical Interactions......Page 145 5.5.2 Dynamic Chemical Bonds......Page 147 5.6 Chitosan-Based Shape Memory Hydrogels......Page 151 5.6.3 Ultrasound Triggered Shape Recovery......Page 152 5.6.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Triple Shape Memory Effect......Page 153 5.7 Superabsorbent Chitosan-Based Hydrogels......Page 157 5.7.1 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Hydrogels......Page 158 5.7.2 Hydrogels by Graft Copolymerization......Page 159 5.7.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Hydrogels......Page 160 5.7.4 Pure Chitosan-Based Materials......Page 161 References......Page 162 Chapter 6 Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 171 6.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with In Vitro Studies......Page 172 6.2.1 Immune Modulation......Page 175 6.2.2 Anti-Pathogenic Effects......Page 181 6.2.3 Anti-Tumour Effects......Page 183 6.3.1 Cholesterol Reduction and CVD Preventive Effects......Page 184 6.3.2 Other Health Effects......Page 186 6.4 Requirements to forward the Field of Study Towards the Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 189 References......Page 190 7.1 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan – The Mechanism of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity......Page 195 7.2 The use of Chitin/Chitosan’s Microbiological Activity in Medicine and Pharmacy......Page 197 7.3 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in the Food Industry......Page 200 7.4 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Paper and Textile Industries......Page 202 7.5 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Agriculture......Page 203 References......Page 207 Chapter 8 Enzymes for Modification of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 215 8.1 CAZymes in Chitin Degradation and Modification......Page 216 8.1.1 Chitinases......Page 217 8.1.3 Exo-β-glucosaminidases......Page 221 8.1.4 Chitosanases......Page 223 8.1.5 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases......Page 225 8.1.6 Carbohydrate Esterases......Page 226 8.2 Modular Diversity in Chitinases, Chitosanases and LPMOs......Page 230 8.3 Biological Roles of Chitin-Active Enzymes......Page 231 8.4 Microbial Degradation and Utilisation of Chitin......Page 234 8.4.1 Chitin Degradation by Serratia marcescens......Page 235 8.4.3 Chitin Degradation by Thermococcus Kodakarensis......Page 237 8.4.4 Chitin Degradation by Fungi......Page 238 8.5 Biotechnological Perspectives......Page 239 8.6 Biorefining of Chitin‐Rich Biomass......Page 240 References......Page 242 Chapter 9 Chitin and Chitosan as Sources of Bio-Based Building Blocks and Chemicals......Page 255 9.1 Introduction......Page 256 9.2.1 Chitosan Production......Page 258 9.2.2 Production of Chitooligosaccharides......Page 260 9.2.3 Production of GlcNAc and GlcN from Chitin......Page 261 9.3.1 Furan-Based Monomers......Page 264 9.4 Outlook......Page 265 References......Page 266 10.1 Introduction......Page 271 10.2 Functional Chitosan Derivatives by Chemical and Enzymatic Modification......Page 272 10.2.1 Anionic Chitosan Derivatives......Page 274 10.2.4 Hydroxyaryl Chitosan Derivatives......Page 276 10.3 Graft Co-Polymers of Chitosan......Page 277 10.5 Outlook......Page 280 References......Page 281 Chapter 11 Chitosan-Based DrugDelivery Systems......Page 285 11.1 Introduction......Page 286 11.2 Beneficial Effects of Chitosan......Page 287 11.2.3 Transfection Activity......Page 289 11.3 Chitosan—an Active Polymer for Bypassing Biological Barriers......Page 291 11.3.1 Skin Barrier......Page 292 11.3.2 Mucosa Barrier......Page 293 11.3.3 Ophthalmic Barrier......Page 295 11.3.4 Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 296 11.4 Chitosan-Based DDS Formulations......Page 297 11.4.4 Scaffolds and Membranes......Page 301 References......Page 302 12.1 Selection of the Raw Sources: Safety Criteria......Page 317 12.1.2 General Requirements for Chitinous Biopolymers Applied in Designing Medical Devices......Page 318 12.1.3 Characterisation of the Biopolymer for Application in Wound Dressing Designing......Page 319 12.1.4 Aspect of the Sterilization of the Final Wound Dressing......Page 321 12.3 Performance and Safety Assessment......Page 323 12.4 New Ideas and Concepts......Page 327 12.5 Risk Acceptance and Design Process Aspects......Page 332 References......Page 334 13.1 Introduction......Page 341 13.2 Chitosan and its Derivatives as Food Additive......Page 342 13.2.1 Antioxidant......Page 344 13.2.3 Stabilizer and Thickener......Page 345 13.3 Functional Ingredient and Health Beneficial Effects......Page 346 13.4 Active Packaging......Page 347 13.5 Enzyme Immobilization......Page 357 13.6 Encapsulation and Delivering of Bioactive Ingredients......Page 358 13.7 Adsorption and Chelation of Toxic and Undesirable Compounds......Page 360 13.8 Outlook......Page 365 References......Page 366 Chapter 14 Potential of Chitosans in the Development of Edible Food Packaging......Page 375 14.1 Potential limitations for real introduction into the market......Page 376 14.1.2 Solubility......Page 377 14.1.4 Structure variability......Page 378 14.2.2 Main relevant chitosan-Based material properties......Page 379 14.3.1 CSNPs......Page 383 14.3.2 CSNPs in various edible films......Page 384 14.3.3 Antimicrobial activities of CSNPs in edible films......Page 385 14.4 Applications to sensitive real food products......Page 386 14.4.1 Fruits and vegetables......Page 387 14.4.3 Fish and seafood products......Page 388 References......Page 390 Chapter 15 The Use of Chitosan‐Based Nanoformulations for Controlling Fungi During Storage of Horticultural Commodities......Page 397 15.2 Importance of Fruits and Vegetables......Page 398 15.3 Storage Disorders and Diseases of Horticultural Products......Page 400 15.4 Plant Fungi Inhibition by Chitosan Application......Page 401 15.7 Physiological Response and Quality Retention of Horticultural Commodities to Chitosan Coating Application......Page 402 15.8 Influence of Chitosan Coatings on the Shelf Life of Horticultural Products......Page 404 15.9 Effects of Chitosan Coatings with Additional Compounds on Quality and Microorganisms Development......Page 405 15.10 Integration of Chitosan Nanoparticles into Coating Formulations and their Effects on the Quality of Horticultural Commodities and Development of Microorganisms......Page 410 References......Page 413 Chapter 16 Chitosan Application in Textile Processing and Fabric Coating......Page 421 16.1 Chitosan in the Textile Industry......Page 422 16.2 Textile Production......Page 424 16.3 General Test Methods......Page 426 16.4 Fibres and Yarns from Chitin and Chitosan......Page 427 16.4.2 Chitosan Spinning Processes......Page 428 16.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Chitosan Fibres/Yarns......Page 430 16.5 Sizing with Chitosan......Page 432 16.5.1 Miscibility of Chitosan with Other Sizing Agents......Page 433 16.5.2 Viscosity of Chitosan‐Containing Sizing Agents......Page 434 16.5.3 Adhesion and Wetting......Page 436 16.5.4 Mechanical–Physical Properties of Chitosan Films......Page 437 16.5.5 Removal and Processing of Chitosan Sizing after Weaving......Page 438 16.6 Chitosan as a Finishing Agent or Coating......Page 440 16.6.1 Chitosan as a Carrier and Linker......Page 441 16.6.2 Formation of a Durable Finish with Chitosan......Page 442 16.6.3 Chitosan as an Active Agent......Page 443 16.7 Outlook......Page 445 Nomenclature......Page 446 References......Page 447 Chapter 17 Chitin and Chitosan for Water Purification......Page 455 17.1 Introduction......Page 456 17.2.1 Principle of the Adsorption Process......Page 458 17.2.2 Adsorption of Organic Compounds......Page 460 17.2.3 Adsorption of Heavy Metals......Page 463 17.3 Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation/Flocculation......Page 466 17.4.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration Process......Page 472 17.4.2 Fabrication of Ultrafiltration Blend Membranes......Page 474 17.4.3 Chitosan-Enhanced Ultrafiltration......Page 476 Acknowledgement......Page 478 References......Page 479 18.1 Introduction......Page 487 18.2 Chitosan: A Biopolymer with Unique Properties......Page 488 18.3 Modification and Preparation of Chitosan‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Applications......Page 489 18.4 The Proton Conductivity of Chitosan......Page 491 18.5.1 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 493 18.5.2 Spectroscopic Sensors......Page 496 18.5.3 Other Electrochemical Devices......Page 497 18.6 Outlook......Page 498 References......Page 499 19.1 Historical Outline......Page 503 19.2 Natural Origins of Chitin......Page 504 19.4.1 Differences of Chemical Compositions of the Cuticles......Page 505 19.5.2 Chemical Extraction......Page 506 19.5.4 Characterization and Transformation into Chitosan......Page 507 19.6.1 Agriculture Applications......Page 508 19.6.3 Material Applications......Page 509 19.6.4 Biomedical Applications......Page 510 References......Page 511 Index......Page 517 EULA......Page 537