فناوری‌های چاپ RFID بدون تراشه

Chipless RFID Printing Technologies provides a comprehensive overview of advanced Chipless RFID communication, sensors, reader antennas, radar cross section and necessity of RFID printing technologies. The book describes sensing materials needed for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) printing, focusing on the design of the passive printable resonators, and the signal processing approach used to eliminate the inaccuracy in detection at the receiver. It walks readers through the additive production approaches and suitable substrates for low-cost mass manufacturing of digital gadgets, consisting of RFID tags such as, wireless sensors, conductive tags and readers, touchpads for keyboards, nand show programs. Packed with numerous sensing strategies utilized in chipless RFID systems, the book introduces recent developments in the printing techniques of chipless RFID and their performances in conjunction with many one of a kind advanced features that are critical for low price chipless RFID device implementations. Broad coverage is given to printable tags for Biomedical and wearable applications, advanced RFID printing technologies, and full technical details about chipless RFID technology not found in other contemporary texts. The book presents a unique view of the challenges and future direction of research essential for researchers and research facilities to explore further research in chipless RFID. Readers will understand the core principles and classical applications of RFID technologies, making it an invaluable reference for engineers working on RF and microwave engineering. This is also a great resource for researchers currently working in the area, as well as graduate students looking to gain knowledge on Radio Frequency Identification. Chipless RFID Printing Technologies Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: RFID Revolution Unveiled Chapter 2: The Present and Beyond: Chipless RFID Research Chapter 3: Smart Materials: The Bedrock of Chipless RFID Chapter 4: The Art of Characterization in Chipless RFID Chapter 5: Pioneering Chipless RFID in Biomedical Applications Chapter 6: Wireless Body Area Networks and Chipless Sensors Chapter 7: Resonators and Signal Processing Techniques Chapter 8: Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques Chapter 9: Challenges in Chipless RFID Technologies and Future Research Directions Chapter 10: Concluding Remarks CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chipless RFID 1.1 Tracking Technologies 1.1.1 Smart Cards 1.1.2 Biometric Tracking 1.1.3 Optical Character Recognition 1.1.4 Barcode 1.1.5 RFID Devices 1.2 Barcoding and RFID 1.3 Chipless RFID 1.3.1 Chipless RFID System 1.4 Radar Cross Section Principle 1.4.1 RCS of a Tag 1.5 Chipless RFID Printing Technology 1.5.1 Challenges for Chipless RFID Tag Printing 1.5.2 Tag Printing Process 1.6 Applications of RFID Technology 1.6.1 Supply Chain Management 1.6.2 Security 1.6.3 Movement Tracking 1.7 Chapter Overview References CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to the Chipless RFID 2.2 CHLRFID Resonators 2.2.1 Half- and Quarter-Wavelength Microstrip Resonators 2.2.2 Patch Resonators 2.2.3 Ring Resonator 2.2.4 Hairpin Resonators 2.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator 2.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation 2.3 RFID Sensor Classifications 2.4 Resonators in Chipless RFID System Performance Improvement 2.5 Metamaterial-Inspired Advanced Chipless RFID 2.6 Smart Materials 2.7 A Typical Frequency Domain Reader for Transponder Detection 2.8 Challenges and Scope for Further Research 2.8.1 Size and Price 2.8.2 Tag Alignment and Sensitivity 2.8.3 Reading Speed and Accuracy 2.8.4 Sensitivity to the Tag Alignment 2.8.5 Reading Distance and Interferences 2.8.6 Body Area Network Challenges 2.8.7 Sensing Materials 2.8.8 Compatibility with Regulations 2.8.9 Enhancing Data Capacity Using PRs 2.8.10 Feature Extraction 2.8.11 Collision Avoidance and Recovery 2.9 Summary References CHAPTER 3 Smart Materials for Chipless RFID Printing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Smart Materials 3.2.1 Smart Materials Integrated with Chipless RFID Tag 3.3 Classification of Smart Materials for Physical Parameter Sensing 3.4 Temperature-Sensing Materials 3.4.1 Zinc Oxide 3.4.2 Rogers RT/Duroid 3.4.3 Stanyl Polyamide 3.4.4 Ionic Plastic Crystal 3.4.5 Phenanthrene 3.5 Humidity-Sensing Materials 3.5.1 Keratin 3.5.2 Silicon Nanowires 3.5.3 Mitsubishi Ink 3.5.4 Kapton 3.5.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol 3.6 pH-Sensing Materials 3.6.1 PEDOT: PSS 3.6.2 Polyaniline 3.6.3 Polydimethylsiloxane 3.6.4 Chitosan Hydrogel 3.7 Gas-Sensing Materials 3.7.1 Polypyrrole 3.7.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 3.7.3 NiO-In2O3 3.8 Strain and Crack Sensing Materials 3.8.1 PTFE 3.8.2 Silver Nanowires 3.8.3 Polypropylene Carbon Nanofiber Composite 3.9 Light-Sensing Materials 3.9.1 Cadmium Sulfide 3.9.2 Amorphous Hydrogenated Germanium 3.10 Graphene 3.11 Summary References CHAPTER 4 Characterization of Smart Materials for Printing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials 4.3 X-Ray Diffraction 4.4 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy 4.5 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer 4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4.7 Scanning Electron Microscope 4.7.1 Principle of Operation of SEM 4.7.2 Characterization of Sensing Materials with SEM 4.8 Atomic Force Microscopy 4.8.1 AFM Technique 4.8.2 AFM Characterization 4.9 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers 4.9.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Instrumentation 4.9.2 Material Characterization with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry 4.10 Electrical Conductivity Measurement 4.11 Basic Microwave-Material Interaction Aspects 4.11.1 Nicolson-Ross-Weir Method 4.11.2 Coaxial Line Reflection Method 4.11.3 Resonator Perturbation Method 4.12 Analysis on Characterization of Smart Materials 4.13 Summary References CHAPTER 5 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Biomedical Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors 5.1.2 Categories of Chipless Sensors 5.1.3 Design Challenges of a Chipless RFID System 5.2 Design Principle: Passive Resonator-Based Tags 5.2.1 Fabrication Techniques of Chipless Sensors 5.2.2 Smart Sensing Materials for Chipless RFID Sensors 5.2.3 Applications of Chipless Sensors 5.3 Geometry and Designs 5.3.1 Modified Square Split Ring Resonator Based Chipless Sensor: Design 1 5.3.2 Rectangular Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 2 5.4 Experimental Assessment and Discussion 5.5 Current Distribution Patterns 5.6 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototypes 5.7 Comparison Between Design 1 and Design 2 5.8 Chipless Tag Sensors for Noninvasive Applications 5.8.1 Geometry and Design 5.8.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 3 5.8.3 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Sensor: Design 4 5.8.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5.9 Analysis of the Fabricated Prototype 5.9.1 Comparison 5.10 Summary References CHAPTER 6 Passive Printable Chipless RFID Tag for Body Area Network 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Modified Spiral Resonator-Based Chipless Resonator 6.3 Mathematical Formula of Spiral Resonator 6.4 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-1 6.4.1 Simulated and Measured RCS 6.4.2 Current Distribution 6.5 Modified CSRR-Based Chipless Resonator-2 6.5.1 Radar Cross Section 6.5.2 Current Distribution 6.6 A High Bit Density Chipless RFID Tag Using Modified Square Split Ring Resonators 6.6.1 Proposed Tag Design Geometry 6.6.2 Simulated Insights of the MSSRR-Based Tag 6.6.3 Measured Insights of the Fabricated Prototype 6.7 Koch-Island Fractal-Based Tag 6.8 Summary References CHAPTER 7 Resonators in Chipless RFID Technologies and Signal Processing Techniques 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Comparison of Chipped and Chipless Sensors 7.2.1 Half and Quarter Wavelength Resonators 7.2.2 Patch Resonators 7.2.3 Hairpin Resonators 7.2.4 Ring Resonator 7.2.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator 7.2.6 Resonators with Perturbation 7.2.7 Polarization Errors 7.3 Categories of Chipless Sensors 7.4 Applications of Chipless Sensors 7.5 Convolutional Codes 7.5.1 Encoder and Decoder 7.6 Noise Reduction Algorithms 7.6.1 Convolutional Codes’ Decoding Complexity 7.6.2 Weiner Filter 7.6.3 Kalman Filters 7.7 Adaptive Control Algorithm 7.8 Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.9 Filtered-x Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.10 Normalized Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.11 Leaky Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.12 The Exponentially Weighted Recursive Least Square Algorithm 7.13 Filtered–u Recursive Least Mean Square Algorithm 7.14 Windowing Technique for Chipless RFID 7.15 Summary References CHAPTER 8 Antennas for RFID Reader Applications and Printing Techniques for Chipless RFID Tags 8.1 Importance of Reader Antennas in RFID Reader Systems 8.2 A Simple Reader Architecture 8.3 LP and CP Antennas 8.4 Fractal Antennas 8.4.1 Koch Fractal Antenna 8.5 Reader Antennas for Biomedical Applications 8.6 Antenna Arrays 8.7 Limitations in RFID Applications 8.7.1 The Read Range or Operating Range 8.7.2 The Cost 8.7.3 The Orientation of Tag 8.7.4 The Reading Rate 8.7.5 The Multiple-Tag Reading 8.8 Chipless RFID Tag Printing and Various Parametric Effects on Printing 8.8.1 Chipless RFID Printing Technologies 8.9 Errors in Printing Vertical and Horizontal Edges 8.9.1 Impact of Aging on Tag Substrates and Conductive Inks 8.10 Summary References CHAPTER 9 Challenges and Future Research Directions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Implementational Challenges 9.3 Future Research 9.4 Limitations 9.5 Summary References CHAPTER 10 Conclusion 10.1 Book Summary 10.2 Chapter 1 10.3 Chapter 2 10.4 Chapter 3 10.5 Chapter 4 10.6 Chapter 5 10.7 Chapter 6 10.8 Chapter 7 10.9 Chapter 8 10.10 Chapter 9 10.11 Concluding Remarks Appendix A Case Studies in Chipless RFID Applications Appendix B Future Research and Development in Chipless RFID Technology APPENDIX C Implementing Chipless RFID in Retail Inventory Management Appendix D Chipless RFID in Healthcare: Patient Tracking and Medication Management D.1 Introduction D.2 Patient Tracking D.3 Medication Management D.4 Practical Implementation Steps Appendix E Chipless RFID in Environmental Monitoring E.1 Air Quality Monitoring E.2 Water Quality Monitoring E.3 Climate Monitoring Glossary List of Symbols About the Authors Index