چیووس دیکتا است... و در دریای اژه واقع شده است: باستان‌شناسی تاریخی و نشان‌گذاری در چیو

Historical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios presents the results of research into the island’s medieval period, a terra incognita in the contemporary scholarly record. It is the first to be devoted to this topic in more than 100 years, following the publication of the seminal History of Chios by G. Zolotas in the 1920s. The book discusses the archaeology and history of Chios during the Byzantine and Genoese periods, focusing on Mount Amani, the region on the northwestern part of the island. Harsh, remote, and poor, Mount Amani is nevertheless surprisingly rich in material for the landscape archaeologist and the student of historical topography, yet unknown in scholarly literature. Different types of evidence—both tangible and intangible—are used to discuss aspects of the local history and culture, from the evolution of the Byzantine settlement pattern, the rural economy, communications by land and sea and the chain of watchtowers, to the genealogy, the prosopography and the insignia of the local aristocracy, with many stone carvings illustrated for the first time. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents 7 List of Figures, Maps and Plates 11 Figure 1. Geology of Chios. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945. 136 Figure 2. Streams and drainage. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division , Greece, 1944-1945. 137 Figure 3. Relief map of Chios. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945. 138 Figure 4. The island’s main communication lines. Source: British Naval Intelligence Division, Greece, 1944-1945. 139 Figure 5. Drawing of the fortified settlement of Volissos by Francesco Lupazzolo, resident of Chios (17th century). Breve discorso et Ipografia Dell’ Isole del’ Arcipelago Composto da Francesco Lupazzolo, 1632. Korais Public Library of Chios, MSS no 73497 140 Figure 6. The Treaty of Nymphaeum, signed in 13 March 1261. Source: Genova, Tesori d’ Archivio (exhibition catalogue edited by Giustina Olgiati, Genova 2016). Courtesy of Archivio di Stato di Genova. 141 Figure 7. The treaty of 12 October 1155 signed between the Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos and the Commune of Genoa. Source : ‘Tutti i genovesi del mondo: La grande espansione commerciale (secoli XI-XVI)’ , edited by Giustina Olgiati, Genova 2015. Court 142 Figure 8. Lead seal of a kommerkiarios of Lesbos, Chios and Asia Minor. Source: www.doaks.org 142 Figure 9. The three stages of the mastic production. 143 Figure 10. Lead seal of {Vol}isos ? Source: www.doaks.org 144 Figure 11. Silver gigliato struck in the mint of Chios. Source: www.numisbids.com 144 Figure 12. (a) The earliest depiction of the Giustiniani coinage struck in the mint of Chios was hand-drawn in the 16th century by Hieronimo Giustiniani, member of the Maona, in his unpublished manuscript, La descrittione et historia dell’ isola di Scio o 144 Figure 13. (a) The citrus tree was first introduced on the island by the Genoese masters. Until our days the product remains one of the trademarks of Chios. (b) Typical citrus orchard at the Kampos of Chios 145 Figure 14. Fifteenth-century Genoese costumes. Source: Ph.P. Argenti, The Costumes of Chios, London 1953. 145 Figure 15. The Codex Berianus Chiensis, the fifteenth-century invaluable cartulary incorporating all the documentation on the political and economic history of Chios under the Mahona of the Giustiniani. 146 [a] Fol. 22: The accord between the Genoese and the Master (Captain) of the Castle of Chios, Kaloyanni Zyvos (Civo or Cibo) stipulating the concession of the island to the admiral Simone Vignoso. [© Biblioteca Civica Berio, Genoa. 146 Figure 15. The Codex Berianus Chiensis, the fifteenth-century invaluable cartulary incorporating all the documentation on the political and economic history of Chios under the Mahona of the Giustiniani. 147 [b] Fol. 36: The first convention between the admiral Simone Vignoso and the Commune of Genoa signed on 27 February 1347. © Biblioteca Civica Berio, Genoa. 147 Figure 16. The Golden Bible of the Genoese Nobility (ed. A. Scorza, 1920). Among the family arms showcased are those of Kaloyanni Cibo, Master of the Castle of Chios. 148 Figure 17. Saddle maker from Volissos. © Central Public Library of Chios ‘Ad. Korais’. 149 Map I. East Aegean. Source: Google maps. 150 Map II. J. Koder (1998). Source: J. Koder, Tabula Imperii Bizantini, 10, Aigaion Pelagos (1998). 151 Map III. Administrative division of Genoese Chios (1346-1566). Source: Ph. P. Argenti (1958). 152 Map IV. Map of NW Chios, Mount Amani (2006). Source: Google maps. 153 Map V. Hiking map showing the route of the medieval road Siderounda-Retsinadika. © Manolis Roxanas and Giannis Misetzis. 153 Map VI. Map showing the medieval trail from Volissos to Panayia at Loutra along the River Malangiotis. Source: public domain. 154 Plate 1a. Satellite view of the wider area of Volissos. Source: Google Earth. 155 Plate 1b. Aerial view of Volissos. Source: public domain. 155 Plate 2a-b-c. The medieval trail leading from Chios port town (Chora) to the settlements of Mount Amani. © Giannis Misetzis. 156 Plate 3a. Panoramic view of the settlement of Volissos. In the background Mount Pelinnaion. 157 Plate 3b. Volissos. View from the south. 157 Plate 3c. The castle hill seen from the NW. 157 Plate 4a. Panoramic view of the Managros bay and the plain of Volissos. In the background the southwest part of Chios. 158 Plate 4b. The plain of Volissos. 158 Plate 4c. The small port of Limnia and Lefkathia bay on the left. 158 Plate 5a. The settlement of Volissos. © Giannis Misetzis. 159 Plate 5b-c. The castle seen from the Pythonas neighbourhood in the lower town. 159 Plate 5d. The castle seen from the west. 159 Plate 6a-b. The entrance gate of the castle was probably the only gateway. View from the east. 160 Plate 6c. The eastern wall and the periteichisma. 160 Plate 7a-b-c. The debris of the collapsed keep blocked the entrance gate. 161 Plate 8a. The eastern wall of the castle and the collapsed keep. View to the east. 162 Plate 8b. The fallen keep, view to the south. 162 Plate 8c. The fallen keep, view to the north. 162 Plate 9a-b. Eastern tower and wall. 163 Plate 9c. South wall and Eastern tower. 163 Plate 9d. The south wall. View to the west. 163 10c-d. The Southern tower. 164 10e. The southern corner of the castle. 164 Plate 10a-b. The Southern tower and the SE wall. 164 Plate 11a-b-c-d. Two different construction phases of the circuit wall. 165 Plate 12a-b. The SW tower. 166 Plate 12c. The western part of the curtain wall. Irregular use of tiles in the outer façade of the masonry. 166 Plate 12d. The Western tower and the curtain resting on the bedrock. 166 Plate 13a-b. Western curtain wall: detail of the masonry, which rests directly on the bedrock. Irregular use of tiles in the outer façade. 167 Plate 13c. Detail of the foundation of the NW curtain wall and the scarp (cordon). In the background the Western tower. 167 Plate 14a. The western part of the castle: the Western and South-western towers View to the south. 168 Plate 14c. The Southern tower. 168 Plate 14d. Detail of the scarp of the South-western tower. 168 Plate 15a-b. The North-western tower. View to the west. 169 Plate 15c. The western curtain wall seen from the interior of the castle. View to the west. 169 Plate 15d. The NW tower. View to the NW, to Pyrama (far right) and Parparia (far left). 169 Plate 16a-b. The exterior façade of the NW tower. 170 Plate 16c. The embrasure of the NW tower. 170 Plate 17a-b. Details of the masonry of the NW tower. 171 Plate 17c. The northern periteichisma. 171 Plate 17d. The northern curtain wall. 171 Plate 18a-b. The northern curtain wall. 172 Plate 18c. The surviving part of the northern proteichisma and the northern curtain wall. On the left, the NW tower. 172 Plate 19a. Part of a construction which could potentially be the remnants of the Northern tower. 173 Plate 19b-c. The northern curtain wall. 173 Plate 19d. The northern periteichisma. 173 Plate 20a-b. The eastern periteichisma. 174 Plate 20d. Rectangular building within the castle. View to the W. 174 Plate 21a. The NE tower and the eastern curtain wall. 175 Plate 21b. Detail of the NE tower. View from north. 175 Plate 22a-b-c. From the Lower to the Middle town (Mesochori): the main and the postern gateways. 176 Plate 23a-b. Interior of the main gate to the Middle town (Mesochori). 177 Plate 23c-d. Detail of the gate’s ceiling. 177 Plate 24a. The main and postern gates of the Middle town. View to the lower town. 178 Plate 24c. Interior of the main gate. 178 Plate 24d. Another postern gate. 178 Plate 25a-b-c. Aspects of the Lower town. 179 Plate 25d. Tower of the Lower town’s curtain wall transformed into a house. 179 Plate 26a-b-c. Lower town: the marble pole and the stone door jamb of the settlement’s Iron Gate (Sideroporta), the main entrance of the settlement. 180 Plate 27. Parts of the medieval street system of Volissos. 181 Plate 28. Aspects of the old sector of Volissos. 182 Plate 29a-b. Aspects of the old sector. 183 Plate 29c. The shrine of Taxiarches Mesochoritis at Mesochora (middle town of Volissos). © Giannis Misetzis. 183 Plate 29d. The shrine of Saint George Vassilis at Mesochora (middle town of Volissos). © Giannis Misetzis. 183 Plate 29e. The Pyrgos neighbourhood. In the background the church of Saint George of Pyrgos. © G. Loukakis. 183 Plate 30a. The settlement of Anavatos. View from the Koukoudotsoumbos peak. © Giannis Misetzis. 184 Plate 30b. Anavatos. © Chios Vertical Life. 184 Plate 30c. The settlement of Anavatos. View from the Koukoudotsoumbos peak. © Giannis Misetzis. 184 Plate 30d. Anavatos. © Chios Vertical Life. 184 Plate 31c. The three-storied Triorofo building on Anavatos. 185 Plate 31d. Aspect of the Middle acropolis (Mesochori) of Anavatos and the narrow road leading to the upper citadel. 185 Plate 32a. Aerial view of Pyrama. Source: Google Earth. 186 Plate 32b-c. The settlement of Pyrama. © Giannis Misetzis. 186 Plate 32d. The settlement of Pyrama in the early twentieth century. Source: Public domain. 186 Plate 33a. The defensive tower of Pyrama dates from the early sixteenth century. 187 Plate 33b,c. The defensive tower of Pyrama is founded on the bedrock. 187 Plate 34a. The settlement of Parparia. Source: public domain. 188 Plate 34b. Parparia seen from the NW. The remnants of the medieval defensive circuit wall are visible in the foreground. In the background to the left, Volissos bay and the castle hill. 188 Plate 34e. Parparia, the medieval narrow street immediately past the circuit wall. Western view. 188 Plate 35a. The medieval trail “Ridge Angelos-ridge Amythounda”. © Giannis Misetzis. 189 Plate 35b. The medieval trail of Makellos leading to Amythounda. © Giannis Misetzis. 189 Plate 36a. The stream of Amythounda. View from the peak Oros. © Giannis Misetzis. 190 Plate 36b-c-d. Canals at Amythounda. © Giannis Misetzis. 190 Plate 37a-b. Loci at Amythous: threshing floor, remnants of huts. © Giannis Misetzis. 191 Plate 37c. The landscape along the medieval trail Fyta-Amythous.© Giannis Misetzis. 191 Plate 38a-b-c. The site Zartoulida, potential location of the fortified settlement of Angelos (Castel Sant’Angelo). © Michalis Kariamis. 192 Plate 39a. The shrine (naydrion) of Saint George at Angelos. © Giannis Misetzis. 193 Plate 39b. Another shrine of Saint George at Angelos, off the settlement of Fyta. © Giannis Misetzis. 193 Plate 39c. The metochi of Constantios Phytousis at Zartoulida. © Giannis Misetzis. 193 Plate 39d. Saint Nicolaos at the stream Koufos. © Giannis Misetzis. 193 Plate 40a. The hamlet Ta Markou seen from the modern asphalt road. In the background, Mount Pelinnaion. © Adam Mylonas. 194 Plate 40b. A closer view of Ta Markou. On the slope of the opposite hill the medieval terraces for cultivation are visible. © Adam Mylonas. 194 Plate 40c. Approaching the hamlet Ta Markou. 194 Plate 41a. The tower keep of Ta Markou is founded on the bedrock. South-western side 195 Plate 41b. Eastern side. 195 Plate 41c. Northern side. 195 Plate 41d. Embrasure. © Adam Mylonas. 195 Plate 41e. Apsidal doorway leading to the second chamber of the tower keep. 195 Plate 42a. The first chamber of the tower keep. The main part of the barrel vault has collapsed, the spring is still visible. © Adam Mylonas. 196 Plate 42b. The same chamber from above: the spring of the vault. © Steve Stephanides. 196 Plate 42c. The second chamber of the tower keep Ta Markou. The barrel vaulted roof survives intact. © Steve Stephanides. 196 Plate 42d. Detail of the barrel vault at Ta Markou. 196 Plate 43a. Ta Markou, view from the west. 197 Plate 43b. Another view of the main chamber of the tower. 197 Plate 43c. Part of the hamlet. 197 Plate 44a-b-c. Aspects of the hamlet Ta Markou. 198 Plate 45a. The medieval trail Aria – Sellada. © Giannis Misetzis. 199 Plate 45b. The stream of Aria. © Chios Vertical Life. 199 Plate 45c. Aria, part of the settlement. © Giannis Misetzis. 199 Plate 46a. Another view of the settlement at Aria. © Chios Vertical Life. 200 Plate 46b-c. Wells at Aria. © Giannis Misetzis. 200 Plate 47. The tower at Ta Markou and part of the deserted settlement. 201 Plate 47c. Interior of the water mill at Loutra: two millstones in situ. Source: www.kanaristours.gr. 201 Plate 47e. Stone terrace at Loutra founded partly on the bedrock. Source: public domain. 201 Plate 48a. The River Malangiotis. © Kostas Dontas (www.lydialithoshouses.gr). 202 Plate 48b. The mouth of the River Malangiotis. Source: www.aplotaria.gr. 202 Plate 48d. Avifauna (calidrisalpina, dunlin) at the River Malangiotis. © Dimitris Doulis (https://blogs.sch.gr/dntoulis/2015/12/07/). 202 Plate 49a. Approaching Vassilika. 203 Plate 49b. Vassilika. Source: public domain. 203 Plate 49c-d. The medieval tower at Vassilika. 203 Plate 50a. Vassilika: the north-western side of the tower. 204 Plate 50b. The southern side of the tower: entrance. 204 Plate 50d. Detail of the masonry of the tower. 204 Plate 51a-b. Vassilika: the barrel vault of the lower storey of the tower. 205 Plate 51c-d. The upper storey of the tower at Vassilika was also roofed by a barrel vault, of which only the spring survives today. Cribwork was used in the masonry as is visible in the drum of the barrel. 205 Plate 52c-d. The stream of Varvatho / Aghia Markella is dry during summer and is used by locals and tourists as a dirt road – shortcut towards the seaside. 206 Plate 52a. Varvathos or Aghia Markella. In the foreground the monastery of Saint Markella, patron of the island, and the bay. In the background the plain of Varvathos traversed by the stream of Aghia Markella. View to the NE. Source: publi 206 Plate 52b. The plain of Varvathos (Aghia Markella). In the distant background, the settlement Parparia. 206 Plate 53a-b-c-d. Varvathos: remnants of houses of the medieval settlement Saint Panteleimon named after the shrine: lime mortar masonry with local stones. 207 Plate 54a-b-c. The shrine of Saint Panteleimon in the plain of Varvathos. Modern refurbishments and whitewashing take place regularly by faithful locals, thus altering irreversibly the original masonry. 208 Plate 54d. The medieval settlement of Saint Panteleimon” at Varvathos. A well. 208 Plate 55a. Aerial view of the hamlet Katavasis. Source: Google. 209 Plate 55b. Katavasis. In the background Mount Pelinnaion. Source: public domain. © K. Anagnostou. 209 Plate 55c. The hamlet Katavasis. Source: www.discoverchios.gr 209 Plate 55d. The church of Aghia Matrona, patron saint of north-western Chios. Katavasis was the saint’s birth place. © Giannis Misetzis. 209 Plate 56a. The coastline of Siderounda and Volissos, view to the west, to Psara islet. On the right, the settlement of Siderounda and the Managros bay. © Giannis Misetzis. 210 Plate 56b. Aerial view of Siderounda. Source: Public domain. 210 Plate 56c. Panoramic view of Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis. 210 Plate 57. Siderounda: the entrance gate to the settlement. (a) view to the settlement, (b) view to the coast, (c) postern gate. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries. 211 Plate 57d. The settlement’s church is dedicated to Saint George. Source: public domain. 211 Plate 58a. Saint George of Siderounda, view to the west. Source: public domain. 212 Plate 58b. The defensive tower keep houses the Folklore Museum of Siderounda. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries. 212 Plate 58c-d. Siderounda, details. Source: public domain. 212 Plate 59a-b. Land watch tower situated off the settlement Melanios on the NW. It was later reused as a windmill. © Adam Mylonas. 213 Plate 59c-d. Coastal watch tower situated off Aghion Galas, on the NW. It still retains the mechanism after its transformation and reuse as a windmill. © Adam Mylonas. 213 Plate 59e. The watch tower at Siderounda situated at the entrance to the settlement. Source: www.dpgr.gr/usergalleries. 213 Plate 60a. The land vigla at Parparia at the site Viglia. In the foreground a threshing floor built with field stones after the transformation of the vigla as a windmill. Source: public domain. 214 Plate 60b. Detail of the vigla’s entrance. 214 Plate 60c. From the guard’s point of view: lookout to the Aegean from the top of the vigla at Parparia. 214 Plate 61a. Three land viglas (the third is not visible) in the wider area of Volissos on the axis of the castle. They supervised and commanded the bay of Volissos and the port of Limnia. View to Mount Pelinnaion. 215 Plate 61b. Vigla A. 215 Plate 61c-d. Vigla C, and detail of the masonry and the entrance. 215 Plate 62a. Vigla B, exterior façade: the threshold of each watch tower is a wide, flat monolithic rock placed half a metre above the ground. 216 Plate 62b. Vigla B, the entrance seen from the interior. The thickness of the wall is more than one metre. 216 Plate 62c. Vigla A. The stone staircase leading to the upper chamber/roof. 216 Plate 62d. Optical telegraphy: the orientation of the watch towers of Volissos are in direct axis with the fortified town. 216 Plate 63a. The rural shrine of Taxiarches Kipoussis dedicated to the Archangel Michael. Remnants of a tower and other buildings. © Giannis Misetzis. 217 Plate 63b-e. Details of the buildings at Taxiarches Kipoussis. 217 Plate 64a. The rural shrine of the Transfiguration (Metamorphosis) of Christ in the plain of Volissos. Source: public domain. 218 Plate 64b. Transfiguration of Christ view to the west. The dedicatory inscription above the lintel mentions a refurbishment in 27 March 1971. 218 Plate 64c. Detail of the masonry. A few ancient spolia are incorporated in the masonry. 218 Plate 65a. The rural shrine of Taxiarches of the Managros. Remains of a medieval building to the west. © Giannis Misetzis. 219 Plate 65b-c-d. The hamlet at Prasteia off Siderounda: the rural shrine of Saint Panteleimon and other buildings. © Giannis Misetzis. 219 Plate 66a. Prasteia, a medieval hamlet. © Giannis Misetzis. 220 Plate 66b. The rural shrine of Saint George at Prasteia, off Siderounda. 220 Plate 66c. The rural shrine of Ypapanti, at the site Metochi off Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis. 220 Plate 66d. The rural shrine of Saint John the Forerunner at the site Gerita, off Siderounda. © Giannis Misetzis. 220 Plate 67a. The rural shrine of Saint Barbara at the site Pretorion off Volissos. © Giannis Misetzis. 221 Plate 67b-c. The rural shrine of Saint George at the site Livadhies and remains of a tower. © Giannis Misetzis. 221 Plate 68a. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - View from the mule track. 222 Plate 68b. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - View to the NE. 222 Plate 68d. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - Detail of the conch above the lintel, bearing a now lost inscription with the date of a refurbishment. 222 Plate 68e. The rural shrine of Panayia Koilane off Parparia - Detail of the masonry. 222 Plate 69a-b. The rural shrine of Asomatos dedicated to the Archangel Michael, in the wider area of Parparia. © Nikos Psyllis. 223 Plate 69c-d. The rural shrine of Saint John the Forerunner in the wider area of Pyrama. © Giannis Misetzis. 223 Plate 70a-b. Threshing floor at Lemnos (a) and Parparia (b). 224 Plate 70c. Typical peasant house encountered on Mount Amani: External staircase, balcony, ground floor for the keeping of domestic animals and an upper storey for the family. Parparia, Kastron area. 224 Plate 70d-e. A tree trunk placed in a longitudinal axis supports the ceiling of the ground floor and the floor of the upper storey. Volissos, Kastron area. 224 Plate 70g. Detail of the masonry of an external staircase at Volissos. 224 Plate 71a. Fireplace. Parparia. 225 Plate 71b. Storage jar. Volissos. 225 Plate 71g. Public well on the road to the coast of Volissos. 225 Plate 72a, b, c. Clay pithoi for storing liquids. Volissos. 226 Plate 72d. Oven at Volissos. 226 Plate 72f. An imposing well at the site Skariotis in the plain of Volissos. 226 Plate 72g. Millstone at Siderounda. Source: public domain. 226 Plate 73a. Hypericum perfoliatum - agodera. 227 Plate 73c. Ballota acetabulosa – Greek horehound. 227 Plate 73f. Sarcopoterium spinosum. 227 Plate 73g. Critamum maritimum. 227 Plate 73h. Pancratium maritimum. 227 Plate 74a. Terraces in Parparia. 228 Plate 74c. Verbascum Thapsus – common mullein. 228 Plate 74e. Olea europaea – olive tree. 228 Plate 74g. Spartium junceum. 228 Plate 75a. Mount Amani. View to the west. 229 Plate 75b. The geological formations of Mounts Amani (foreground) and Pelinnaion in the background. 229 Plate 75c. Another view of Mount Amani. 229 Plate 75d. The settlements Pyrama and Parparia seen from the castle of Volissos. 229 Plate 76a. Panoramic view of the coastline in the area of Siderounda. 230 Plate 76b. Panoramic view of the wider area of Volissos from the bay of Managros. 230 Plate 76c. The abandoned hamlet Ayios Ioannes on the right and Ayio Galas in the background. 230 Plate 76d. The hamlet Trypes seen from Ayios Isidoros (Zanakounda) bay. 230 Plate 1a. Chios town, Kammenos Pyrgos: the Giustiniani arms. 263 Plate 1b. Castle of Chios, “inner tower B”: the Giustiniani arms. 263 Plate 2a. Castle of Chios, ‘inner tower’: the Giustiniani arms. 264 Plate 2b. Castle of Chios, bastion ‘Zeno’: the Giustiniani arms. 264 Plate 3a.Themiana, Saint George Hatziloukis. 265 Plate 3b. Kampos, Simos estate: tondo with the Giustiniani arms. 265 Plate 4a. Chalkios, church of the Dormition of Virgin, doorway. 266 Plate 4b. Chalkios, detail of the lintel showing the Entry to Jerusalem. 266 Plate 4d: Madonna and child, detail of the inscription. 266 Plate 5a,b: Chios, funerary church of Saint John the Baptist: the Annunciation. 267 Plate 6a: Chios, Kampos, Monioudes estate: carving with putti. 268 Plate 6b: Byzantine Museum of Chios, the Lercari arms. 268 Plate 7a: Kampos, Argenti estate, the Argenti arms. 269 Plate 7b: Kampos, Schilizzi-Palios estate, the Schilizzi family arms. 269 Plate 8a: Kampos, Sechiari’s Casino: the Sechiari family arms. 270 Plate 8b: Athens, the family arms of Petrocochino – Amartolo. 270 Plate 9a: Byzantine Museum of Chios, the Scaramanga family arms. 271 Plate 9b: London, cemetery of West Norwood: the Scaramanga arms in the family’s funerary monument. 271 Plate 10a: Panayia Leiapyrgousaina. 272 Plate 10b: Chios, Chapel of St Nicolas Vouro. The Vouro family arms. 272 Plate 11a: Chios, inscription on the refectory of Nea Moni. 273 Plate 11b: Pyrgi, Church of the Dormition of Virgin, bell tower. 273 Plate 12b: Kampos, Talaros: the Chryssoveloni family arms. 274 Plate12a: Byzantine Museum of Chios: the Sgouta family arms. 274 Plate 13a: Kampos, Sgouta estate. The Sgouta family arms. 275 Plate 13b: Kampos, Lykiardopoulou-Karali estate. The Carali (Coralli) family arms. 275 Plate 14a: Kampos, Carving of Saint John the Baptist ‘T’ Ameri’. 276 Plate 14b: Saint John the Baptist ‘T’ Ameri’, detail of the inscription. 276 Plate 15a: Chios town, Church of Panayia Evreti. 277 Plate 15b: Saint George Ghiazou. 277 Plate 16a. Relief of the Mavrogordato-Vitella family. Kampos. 278 Plate 16b. Relief of Saint Diomedes. Varvassi, Kampos. 278 Plate 17a: Athens, Central Cemetery: the Kappari funerary monument. 279 Plate 17b: Detail of the Kappari family arms. 279 Plate 17c: Kampos, Talaros, Chapel of Saint Polykarpos. 279 Plate 18a: National Historical Museum of Athens, carving of the Petrocochino once decorating the family estate at Kampos. 280 Plate 18b: Kampos: Sevasti Ralli’s estate. 280 Plate 18c: Kampos: carving of Sergio Galati. 280 Plate 19a: Kampos, Galati-Phakas estate: Saint John Phakas. 281 Plate 19b: Themiana, Maroulou. 281 Plate 20a: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint George. 282 Plate 20b: Kampos, Sechiari estate.The Sechiari family arms. 282 Plate 21a: Athens, Central Cemetery: funerary monument of the Petrocochino family. 283 Plate 21b: Detail of the Petrocochino family arms. 283 Plate 21d: Detail of the Mavrogordato family arms. 283 Plate 22a: Volissos, Inscription in the church of Saint Barbara. 284 Plate 22b: Mesta, inscription. 284 Plate22c: Chios, chapel of Saints Constantine and Helen. Carving of the guild of Tobbaconists. 284 Plate 23a: Kampos, Chalkoussi estate. 285 Plate 23b: Kampos, Talaros, chapel of Saint Polykarpos. 285 Plate 24a: Kampos, Petrocochino estate, Katsaros or Nymphaki branch. 286 Plate 24b: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint Panteleimon. 286 Plate 25a: Chalkios, Sechiari or Schilizzi arms. 287 Plate 25b: Korais Public Library of Chios: the barber’s carving. 287 Plate 26a: Chios, Vlastou street. 288 Plate 26b: Chios, Engremos, Marie-Noel Bacha estate. 288 Plate 27a: Mesta, Church of Taxiarches, bell tower. 289 Plate 27b: Pyrgi, the dubbed ‘House of Colombus’. 289 Plate 28a: Chios, Ermofandou Street. 290 Plate 28b: Chios, Rizari, chapel of Taxiarches (Saint Michael) Petrocochino. 290 Plate 29a: Mesta, church of the Taxiarches. 291 Plate 29b: Mesta, detail of the inscription. 291 Plate 30a: Kampos, former Paspati tower (Kardasilari). 292 Plate 30c: Volissos, the Konaki. 292 Plate 31a: Kalamoti. 293 Plate 31b: Parparia. Church of Saint John Theologos. 293 Plate 32a: Kalamoti, church of the Dormition of Virgin. 294 Plate 32b: Kalamoti, detail of the Dormition. 294 Plate 32c: Kalamoti, church of Eisodia (Presentation of Mary). 294 Plate 33a: Anavatos, Church of Taxiarches (Saint Michael). 295 Plate 33b. The doorway of the Church of Saint Paraskevi. Zyfias. 295 Plate 34a: Volissos, church of Saint Michael. 296 Plate 34b: Kampos, Varvasi, Church of Saint Lucas. 296 Plate 35a: Avgonyma, church of Saint George. 297 Plate 35b: Chios, Aplotaria, the carving of Psaroudis. 297 Plate 36a: Chios, Argenti and Venizelou Street. 298 Plate 36b: Langada, the ‘Two Brothers’. 298 Plate 37a: Chios, Tambakika, Kalouta street. 299 Plate 37b: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, north façade. 299 Plate 38a: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, western façade. 300 Plate 38b: Themiana, church of Saint Eustratios, western façade. 300 Plate 39a: Kampos, church of Panayia Kokorovilia. 301 Plate 39b: Volissos, Pythonas, church of the Dormition of Virgin. 301 Plate 39c: Volissos, Pythonas, detail of the inscription. 301 Plate 40a: Chios, Aplotaria. 302 Plate 40b: Volissos, church of Saint George. 302 Plate 41a: Saint George Sykousis, church of Saint George. 303 Plate 41b: Kampos, Argenti estate, Saint Andrew Argenti. 303 Plate 42a: Langada, the carving of Hercules. 304 Plate 42b: Chios, Pipinou Street. 304 Plate 43a: Kampos, church of Panayia Farkaina. 305 Plate 43c: Vrondados, Tsiropinadika. 305 Plate 43d: Zyfias. 305 Plate 44a: Vessa. 306 Plate 44b: Vessa. 306 Plate 44c: Vessa. 306 Plate 45a: Olympoi. 307 Plate 45b: Vessa. 307 Plate 45c: Kampos, Antoine Tetteris estate. 307 Plate 46a: Katarraktis, Saint John Argenti. 308 Plate 46b: Chios, Metropolitou Platonos street. 308 Plate 46c: Chios, Dorotheou Proiou street. 308 Plate 47a: Chios, Psychari and Venizelou street. 309 Plate 47c: Church of Saint Theodosios Schilizzi. 309 Plate 47d: Chios town. Carving at Venizelou street. 309 Plate 48a: Inscription at Mesta. 310 Plate 48c: Chios town: Inscription at 8 Engremou street. 310 Plate 49a: Vounaki square, Chios: Inscription of Z. Dromokaiti-Paphila. 311 Plate 49b: Vounaki square, Chios: The Schilizzi inscription. 311 Acknowledgements 19 Abbreviations 20 Introduction 21 PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI 21 The Geographical Region 21 Why North Chios? 21 Past Historiography 22 From the end of the 19th to the 20th century: Systematic scholarly work. 22 The first pioneers: historical research in the second half of the 19th century. 22 The history of archaeological exploration on Chios 25 The Anavatos Project 26 Assessment 27 Aims 27 Methodology 28 The problems 28 Methods 30 Time span and focus 32 Primary Sources 33 Provincial administration: the testimony of the lead sealsFigs 8, 10. 33 I. The geographical and administrative unit of the Nesoi: Seals of the Nesoi 34 II. Geographical – administrative unit of the Aigaion Pelagos: Seals of the Aigaion Pe