Chinese Women In Leadership (current Perspectives On Asian Women In Leadership)

This edited collection highlights the unique cultural and socioeconomic elements of China and the strong influence of those elements on women leaders in the nation. The authors present perspectives on women leaders’ current state of working conditions and balancing of personal and professional lives in diverse contexts while discussing commonalities and differences across sectors in China and drawing comparisons with Asian and non-Asian contexts. Chapters will explore cultural contexts that hinder career advancement, family roles for women, government policies and educational opportunities that support women's development, and finally the future for women in China. The book provides a thorough assessment of the situation of women in China for scholars in leadership, management, international relations, and human resource development. Preface References About This Book Praise for Chinese Women in Leadership Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Overview: Why Are We Focusing on Developing Women Leaders in China? Why Are We Focusing on Developing Women Leaders in China? Defining Leadership and Women’s Leadership Defining Context Defining Success in Developing Women’s Leadership Who We Are Judy Yi Sun Jie Ke Conceptual Framework and Chapter Outline Our Approach of Study Summary References 2 Family Role and Social Status Traditional Cultural Constraints and Women’s Social Status The Influence of Feminism on Communism Marriage Work and Identities Family–Work Role Conflicts Identity Conflicts “Glass Ceiling” Different Generations of Chinese Women Contemporary Culture Fusion and Younger Generations Neo-Familism Summary and Discussions References 3 Cultural Constraints and Opportunities Cultural Constraints for Chinese Women’s Leadership Development The Challenges in Chinese Women’s Real Lives Chinese Traditional Cultural Constraints Modern Cultural Constraints from Globalization Cultural Opportunities for Chinese Women’s Leadership Development Cultural Constraints and Wen Hua (文化) Implications References 4 Policies and Legislation Legal and Policy Foundations for Women’s Rights Protection The Constitution The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests The National Program for Women’s Development The Marriage Law (1950) The Law on Population and Family Planning (2001) Legislation for Protecting Women’s Reproductive Rights Legislation for Protecting Women’s Equal Employment Rights Legislation for Protecting Women’s Rights in the Family Institutional Support for Women’s Development National Working Committee on Children and Women (NWCCW) The All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) China Women’s University (CWU) Research Organizations Developing Chinese Women: Progresses Made Women’s Political Participation More Participation in Civil Service More Participation in Legal Governance More Participation in Business Management More Participation in Grassroots Administration More Participation in Foreign Affairs Women’s Economic Participation High Labor Force Participation Expanded Job Options More Protection for Women’s Right at Work Poverty Reduced for Women Women’s Participation in Education Women’s All-Round Development: Challenges Remaining Social–Cultural Norms Against Women High Sex Rate Imbalance at Birth Legal Obstacles Political Obstacles Unintended Consequences Employment is Gender Discriminatory Working Mothers are Disadvantaged Gendered Pay Gap is Widening Women’s Leadership Status is Still Low Women’s Economic Participation is Declining Women’s Development is Unbalanced by Region Going Forward: A Recommended Plan of Action Evaluate and Revise Existing Legislation Enact a Comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Law Launch an Anti-Gender Discrimination Movement Strengthen Laws and Judicial Enforcement Support Women for Work–Family Balance Closing Gender Gaps Through the Accelerator Model Conclusion References 5 Educational Opportunities History of Educating Women Leaders in China Historical China: Pre-1911 Republic of China: 1911–1949 CCP Control Before the Cultural Revolution: 1950–1966 During the Cultural Revolution Period: 1967–1976 Post-Cultural Revolution Period: 1976–Present Present Laws and Policies Relevant to Women’s Education in China Universalization of Nine-Year Compulsory Education Rural–Urban Migration and Hukou Law Enaction and Modification of the One-Child Policy Leadership Development: Opportunities for Women in China’s Current Education K-12 Education Vocational Education and Training (VET) Regular Higher Education Workplace Learning, Professional Development, and Adult Education Educating Leaders Within the CCP Outcomes, Trends, and Future Opportunities for Developing Women for Leadership Milestones and Achievements General Trends in Educating Women Leaders in China Role of Government in Further Empowering Women Leaders Implications for Research, Theory, and Practice Research Theory Practice Conclusion References 6 Women Leaders in the Education Sector Women Leaders in the Education Sector Context Matters Education Reform and Women’s Development in Modern China Women’s Leadership Development in Education Education System in China Absence of Women Principals in K-12 Absence of Women Leaders in Higher Education Educational Leadership Studies Gender Differences in China’s Educational Leadership Development Challenges and Difficulties of Women’s Leadership Development in China Case Examples Principal Zhang Guimei and the Free Girls’ High School Outstanding Women Leaders in Higher Education Discussion Recommendations for Future Research Practical Implications Conclusion References 7 Women Entrepreneurs in the Business Sector Development of Private Business in China Women Entrepreneurs in China One-Child Policy Female Students Enrolled Support from the Family Women Successors of Family Businesses Conclusions References 8 Women’s Participation in the Government Sector Women’s Participation in the Government Sector A Brief History of Chinese Women’s Participation in Politics The Imperial Dynasties (Prior to 1912 CE) The Period of Republic of China (1912–1949 CE) The Period of People’s Republic of China (1949 CE—Present) Current Status of Women Leaders in Government Sectors The Challenges Faced by Chinese Women Leaders Factors Influencing Women’s Participation in Government Sectors The Changes in Perceptions of Women Legislative Efforts Economic Advancement and Globalization Family Obligations and Work-life Balance Future of Women’s Participation in Governance Recommendations for Future Research Conclusion References 9 Women Leaders in the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Sector The Purpose of the Chapter A Brief Overview of Chinese NGOs Gender Issues in NGOs Women Leadership and NGOs Development Women Leaders’ Experience in NGOs Gender Impact Gender Discrimination Work Context Support and Strategies for Leadership Development Role Model Mentorship Self-Efficacy Leadership Development Training and Programs Self-Directed Learning Women Leaders’ Efforts on Gender Equity and Equality Recommendations For Practice For Policymakers For Future Research Conclusion References 10 China in an Asian Context China in an Asian Context Historical and Cultural Influences on Women’s Leadership in Asia Overview of Asia Regional and National Cultures GLOBE Project and Leadership Style Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Confucianism, Communist Ideology, and Other Cultural Values Current State of Women Leadership in China and Other Asian Countries Strategies for Women’s Leadership Empowerment Conclusion References 11 China in a Non-Asian Context Economic Factor Social Factor Cultural Factor Political Factor Context Matters Brief Overview of Chinese Context Economic Social Cultural Political Leadership Development Context in Non-Asian Countries North America: United States and Its Contexts Economic Social Cultural Political South America: Brazil and Its Contexts Economic Social Cultural Political Europe: Sweden and Its Contexts Economic Social Cultural Political Oceania: Australia and Its Contexts Economic Social Cultural Political Country Comparisons of Contextual Impact on Women’s Leadership Development Economic Participation Opportunity Subindex–Economic Educational Attainment Subindex–Cultural Health and Survival Subindex–Social Political Empowerment Subindex–Political Conclusion Contextual Catalysts and Impediments for Women’s Success in China and Non-Asian Countries Contextual Catalysts Contextual Impediments Implications for Practice and Research Implications for Practice Implications for Research References 12 Butterflies Emerging: Women’s Leadership in China Butterflies Emerging: Women’s Leadership in China Family Structures Education Technology Politics, Policies, and Legislation NGOs/NPOs Regional Impact Globalization Corporate World, Including Entrepreneurship Agriculture Conclusion References Index This edited collection highlights the unique cultural and socioeconomic elements of China and the strong influence of those elements on women leaders in the nation. The authors present perspectives on women leaders current state of working conditions and balancing of personal and professional lives in diverse contexts while discussing commonalities and differences across sectors in China and drawing comparisons with Asian and non-Asian contexts. Chapters explore cultural contexts that hinder career advancement, family roles for women, government policies and educational opportunities that support women's development, and finally the future for women in China. The book provides a thorough assessment of the situation of women in China for scholars in leadership, management, international relations, and human resource development. Jie Ke is Associate Professor of Human Resource Development in the College of Education and Human Development at Jackson State University, USA. Her research interests include Chinese HRD/management, evaluation and assessment, womens leadership development, Chinese family entrepreneurship, motivations and needs of adult undergraduates, and effectiveness of eLearning. She has recently published her study on women entrepreneurs of family businesses in China in Advances in Developing Human Resources. She serves on the Board of Directors and as Co-chairs of the International Committee and China Special Interest Group for the Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD). Gary N. McLean (EdD, PhD hon) is professor in the PhD program in organization development (OD) at Assumption University, Bangkok, and adjunct professor in the PhD program in HROD at the National Institute for Development Administration (NIDA) in Bangkok. He is professor emeritus, human resource development, University of Minnesota, and former professor at Texas A&M University and International Islamic University, Malaysia. He is past editor of several refereed journals and served as President of AHRD and IMDA. He was President of McLean Global Consulting, a family business and has been active in OD for almost 50 years with an international focus. He received AHRDs Outstanding Book of the Year Award for both an authored OD book and a co-edited book on HRD in Vietnam. He has a lifelong interest in gender research