Chinese Urban Planning and Construction: From Historical Wisdom to Modern Miracles (Strategies for Sustainability)

"This volume introduces and discusses the achievements and mechanisms of urban planning and construction in China from multiple professional perspectives, covering practices and processes ranging from ancient times to the present day. The book has 14 chapters, each addressing a specific Chinese urban planning and construction topic with examples and applications in various cities and regions, and each providing an all-around analysis of Chinese urban development issues at different scales, including government administrations, planning progresses, urban investments, social impacts and construction models. The book provides a comprehensive overview of urban planning and construction in China, especially its successful experiences in the historical period and modern era, which will greatly benefit scholars and readers who are interested in China, as well as urban planners, architects and historians. The book is organized into 4 main parts. Part 1 focuses on "historical wisdom" to summarize ancient Chinese efforts to cope with nature and the environment. It interprets the unique wisdom of ancient Chinese cities related to regional design, water conservancy system, and urban districts. Part 2 presents the "transformation" of urban planning in China by learning from both the traditional value and western experiences based on several cases, such as the spatial development of Beijing and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei capital region, the preservation of Qingdao city, the urban community development and regeneration in Chongqing city. Part 3 explores the "green and eco-city" by looking towards the future, illustrating Chinese practices and efforts to build more sustainable cities, such as green and low-carbon city construction in Wuhan, healthy city planning and eco-cities construction in China. Part 4 prospects the modern miracles brought forth by technological innovation and economic growth, and introduces the newest planning trends in China, such as the E-commerce Taobao villages in China and the innovation districts in Beijing. It also explains the driving force of the "growth machine" of Suzhou city."-- Provided by publisher Foreword Foreword Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Overview from Historical Wisdom to Modern Miracles: Experience from Chinese Urban Planning and Practices 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Historical Wisdom and Modern Miracle in China 1.1.2 Literature Review 1.1.2.1 Chinese Planning System in China 1.1.2.2 Transformation of Contemporary Chinese Cities 1.2 Overall Approach Goals 1.3 Historical Wisdom and Urban Planning 1.4 Transformation of Traditional Values into Urban Planning 1.5 Green and Eco City Planning for Sustainability 1.6 Modern Miracles Brought Forth by Technological Innovation and Economic Growth 1.7 Discussion References Part I: Historical Wisdom and Urban Planning Chapter 2: “Regional Design” of the Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Chang’an in Tang Dynasty 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Method and Materials 2.2.1 “Triple-Evidence” Method 2.2.2 Relevant Historical Documents and Archeological Findings 2.2.3 Historical and Geographical Conditions of Chang’an Area 2.3 Concentric Regional Function Layout Centered on the Capital City 2.3.1 Royal Families: Tour and Banquet in Natural Landscape, Mausoleums on High Mountains 2.3.2 Ordinary Citizens: Recreation in the Suburbs 2.3.3 Officials and Literati: Banquet in the Suburbs, Study in the Mountains and Forests 2.3.4 Monks and Nuns: Practice in the Mountains 2.4 Regional Spatial Structure Based on Geographical Pattern 2.4.1 Regional-Scale Axis Connecting City and Mountain 2.4.2 Important Buildings Taking the High Ground 2.5 Conclusions and Discussion References Chapter 3: Looking into the Supergrid and Superblock Structure in Chinese Cities: Taking Xi’an and Nanjing as Examples 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Method and Materials 3.2.1 Literature Review Method 3.3 Review of Existing Studies 3.4 The Importance of the “Wall-and-Gate” Structure 3.5 Transformation in China: From a Closed to Open and to Closed Urban System 3.6 Case Study: The Supergrid and Superblock Structure in Contemporary Xi’an and Nanjing 3.6.1 Supergrids of Xi’an and Nanjing 3.6.2 Jinyuan and Daguangli Superblocks 3.6.3 The Formation of the Supergrids in Xi’an and Nanjing 3.6.4 Formation of Jinyuan and Daguangli Superblocks 3.6.5 The Superblock Structure of Jinyuan and Daguangli Superblocks 3.6.5.1 Street Network 3.6.5.2 Functional Activity 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Adaptative Resilience: Traditional Wisdom of the Mulan Weir Water Conservancy System in Song-Yuan Period 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Method and Materials 4.3 Literature Review 4.3.1 Ecological Resilience 4.3.2 Engineering Resilience 4.3.3 Social Resilience 4.3.4 Economic Resilience 4.4 Ecological and Engineering Resilience of the Mulan Weir Water Conservancy System 4.4.1 Ecological Resilience 4.4.2 Engineering Resilience 4.4.2.1 Major Functional Components 4.4.2.2 General Layout 4.4.2.3 Operation Principles 4.5 Social and Economic Resilience of the Mulan Weir Water Conservancy System 4.5.1 Social Resilience 4.5.1.1 Social Structure 4.5.1.2 Social Mechanism 4.5.1.3 Social Culture and Beliefs 4.5.1.4 Summary 4.5.2 Economic Resilience 4.6 Conclusion & Discussion References Part II: Transformation of Traditional Values into Urban Planning Chapter 5: From Concentration to Decentralization: The Spatial Development of Beijing and the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Capital Region 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Method and Materials 5.3 Literature Review on the Development of Beijing and the BTH Region 5.4 From Concentration to Decentralization: Spatial Policies and Development Trend Defined by Beijing Master Plans 5.4.1 Urban Expansion Based on the Historic City: 1949–1957 5.4.2 Political Movements and the Beginning of Decentralization: 1958–1982 5.4.3 Development of the Outer-Suburban Areas and Construction of New Cities: 1983–2016 5.4.4 The “Double Reduction” and Regional Coordination Development: 2017–Present 5.5 Four-Level Actions: The Decentralization of Population and Functions in the BTH Region 5.5.1 BTH Regional Level: The Establishment of Xiong’an New Area in Hebei 5.5.2 Beijing Administrative Region Level: The Construction of Tongzhou/Sub-City Center 5.5.3 Beijing Central City Level: An Idea of Building the Central Administrative District 5.5.4 Community Level: The Dispersing, Renovating, and Improving of Designated Urban Space 5.6 Conclusion and Discussion References Chapter 6: From Tsingtau to Qingdao 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Method and Materials 6.3 From Tsingtao to Qingdao 6.4 The German Architectural Heritage of Qingdao 6.5 Qingdao 2019 6.6 A Closer Look to Three Urban Development Projects 6.7 Opportunities and Challenges of Future Urban Development 6.8 Outlook References Chapter 7: Three Stages of Urban Community Development and Regeneration Planning in Chongqing (2010-2020) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Method 7.3 Development Process of Urban Community Planning in Chongqing 7.3.1 Germination Stage (2010–2013): Focus on the Spatial Environmental Renewal of the Community 7.3.2 Rising Stage (2013–2016): Paying Equal Attention to Space Optimization and Governance Promotion 7.3.3 Developing Stage (2016–2020): Toward Comprehensive and Pluralistic Collaborative Planning From the Perspective of Governance Innovation 7.4 Conclusion References Part III: Green and Eco-City Planning for Sustainability Chapter 8: Green Low-Carbon High-Density Urban Center Planning Wuhan Wangjiadun Area 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Method 8.2.1 Green Low-Carbon Municipal Planning Method 8.2.2 Green Low-Carbon Transport Planning Method 8.2.3 Green Low-Carbon Building Planning Method 8.3 Case Study 8.3.1 Background 8.3.2 Green Low-Carbon Municipal Planning Method 8.3.2.1 Unconventional Water Utilization 8.3.2.2 Sponge City 8.3.2.3 Solid Waste Utilization 8.3.2.4 Utility Tunnel 8.3.2.5 The Cases: Mengze Lake Park and Wangjiadun Airport 8.3.3 Green Low-Carbon Transport Planning Method 8.3.3.1 Road System 8.3.3.2 Public Transportation 8.3.3.3 Slow Traffic 8.3.3.4 Vertical Traffic 8.3.3.5 Parking System 8.3.3.6 The Case: Underground Traffic Corridor 8.3.4 Green Low-Carbon Building Planning Method 8.3.4.1 Guidance for Land Use Development Intensity 8.3.4.2 Development of Green Buildings 8.3.4.3 Energy Use 8.3.4.4 The Cases: Wuhan Center and Ocean Wide City Plaza Phase I 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Toward a Sustainable City: A Scoping Review of Eco-Cities Development and Practices in China 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 The Concept of Eco-City 9.2 Methods 9.3 Eco-City in China 9.3.1 The Development of Eco-City in China 9.3.2 Eco-City Practice and Case Studies in China 9.3.2.1 Case Studies in Shanghai 9.4 Optimize urban structur 9.5 Enhance the function of urban infrastructure 9.6 Coordination of urban and rural areas  9.7 Low Carbon Eco-City in China 9.7.1 The Development of Low Carbon Eco-City in China 9.7.2 Low Carbon Eco-City Practice and Case Studies in China 9.7.2.1 Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City 9.7.2.2 Chongqing Yuelai Eco-City 9.7.2.3 Tangshan Bay Eco-City 9.8 Smart-Eco Cities in China 9.8.1 Smart-Eco Cities Practice and Case Studies in China 9.9 Discussions and Conclusions References Chapter 10: Healthy City Planning: Insights from China 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Research Methods and Research Design 10.2.1 Research Method and Materials 10.2.2 Overall Research Design 10.3 Overview of China’s Healthy City Development 10.3.1 Development History 10.3.2 Features of China’s Healthy City Development 10.3.3 Role of City Planning 10.4 Healthy City Planning and its Research Progress in China 10.4.1 Connotation and Theoretical Framework of Healthy City Planning 10.4.1.1 Connotation of Healthy City Planning 10.4.1.2 Theoretical Framework of Healthy City Planning 10.4.2 Research Focus 10.4.2.1 Basic Statistics 10.4.2.2 Research Focus 10.5 Healthy City Planning Practice in China 10.5.1 Working Process of Healthy City Planning 10.5.2 HIA in City Planning 10.5.2.1 Health Risks Overlay Assessment 10.5.2.2 Health Resource Quality Assessment 10.5.2.3 Health Resource Equity Assessment 10.5.2.4 Health Outcome Assessment 10.6 Inspirations and Experiences References Chapter 11: From Green Building to Green City: The Practice in Jiangsu Province, China 11.1 Overview of Jiangsu 11.2 Top-Level Design 11.2.1 Improving the System of Policies and Regulations 11.2.2 Setting up Provincial Special Funds 11.2.3 Sticking to Special Planning Guidance 11.2.4 Building a Closed-Loop Supervision Mechanism 11.2.5 Launching Publicity Training and Promotion 11.3 Green Eco-City 11.3.1 Introduction of Progress 11.3.1.1 Implementation of Policy and Establishment of Management Systems 11.3.1.2 Compilation and Implementation of a Series of Special Plans 11.3.1.3 Research and Construction of Technology Support System 11.3.1.4 Completion of the Green People-Benefiting Projects 11.4 Typical Case Introduction 11.4.1 Nanjing Hexi New Town (National Green Eco-City, Provincial Green Eco-City) 11.4.1.1 Overview 11.4.1.2 Case Innovations 11.4.1.3 Highlights in Hexi New Town By Green Ecological Special Plan and a Closed-Loop Mechanism of Whole Process Management Was Established A Compact Layout of Mixed Space with Economic and Efficient Production and Living Style Intensive Conservation of Energy and Resources, Livable and Ecological Environment 11.4.1.4 Exemplary Significance References Part IV: Modern Miracles Brought Forth by Technological Innovation and Economic Growth Chapter 12: New Countryside in the Internet Age: The Development and Planning of E-Commerce Taobao Villages in China 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methodology and Data Sources 12.2.1 Methodology 12.2.1.1 Theory Construction Based on Case Study 12.2.1.2 Kernel Density Analysis 12.2.2 Data Sources 12.3 The Development Characteristics of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.3.1.1 National Pattern: Highly Concentrated in the Eastern Coastal Areas 12.3.2 Spatial Gradient: Decreasing in “East-Middle-West” Structure 12.3.2.1 Regional Agglomeration: “North-Central-South” Distribution 12.3.3 “Double-Marginal” Location Characteristics 12.3.3.1 Marginal Effect on the Central City Level 12.3.3.2 Marginal Effect on the Regional Level of the Yangtze River Delta 12.3.4 Agglomeration and Fission of Taobao Villages 12.4 The Formative Mechanism of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.4.1 Grassroots Entrepreneurs 12.4.2 Main Products 12.4.3 Facilities Support 12.4.4 Governments Support 12.5 The Governance and Planning of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.5.1 Governance Dilemmas of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.5.2 Planning of Chinese Taobao Villages 12.5.2.1 Planning Transition of Taobao Villages 12.5.2.2 Planning Principle and Method of Taobao Town 12.5.2.3 Interregional Coordination and Planning of Taobao Village Industrial Clusters 12.6 Conclusion and Discussion 12.6.1 Conclusion 12.6.2 Discussion References Chapter 13: Innovation Districts in Beijing: Evolution, Distribution, and Development Mechanisms 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definition and Method 13.2.1 Definition of Innovation Districts 13.2.2 Data and Method 13.2.2.1 Data Sources 13.2.2.2 Literature Research 13.2.2.3 Case Study 13.3 Formation of Innovation Districts in Beijing 13.3.1 The First Stage: Science and Education Park (1949–1982) 13.3.2 The Second Stage: High-Tech Production Bases (1982–2003) 13.3.3 The Third Stage: R&D Parks (2004–2012) 13.3.4 The Fourth Stage: Innovation Districts (2012-Present) 13.4 Distribution and Characteristic of Innovation Districts in Beijing 13.4.1 General Characteristic of Innovation Participators and Innovation Districts in Beijing 13.4.2 Government-Led Innovation District 13.4.2.1 Science and Technology Park 13.4.2.2 University Park 13.4.2.3 Science City 13.4.3 Market-Led Innovation Districts 13.4.3.1 Entrepreneurship Community 13.4.3.2 Characteristic Small Town 13.4.3.3 Office Building for Tech Companies 13.5 Development Mechanisms of Innovation Districts in Beijing 13.5.1 Creation and Innovation Process 13.5.2 Business Behavior of Entrepreneur 13.5.3 Incubation Ecosystem 13.5.4 Industrial Cluster 13.6 Conclusion and Discussion References Chapter 14: Suzhou’s “Growth Machine”: Tracking the Driving Force Behind a Fast Growing Chinese Urban Region 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A Brief History of Socio-Economic Development in Suzhou 14.2.1 Productive Agriculture Played a Fundamental Role for Socio-Economic Prosperity and the Preparation for Industrialization in Suzhou 14.2.2 Geographical Location Was another Reason for Suzhou’s Successful and Early Industrialization 14.2.3 Suzhou’s Industrialization and Urbanization before 1984 14.3 Phase I: “South Jiangsu Pattern” Era (1984–1991) 14.3.1 The Nature and Function of “South Jiangsu Pattern” 14.3.2 Rapid Economic Growth and Contributions of the “South Jiangsu Pattern” 14.3.3 The Main Urbanization Characteristics in the “South Jiangsu Pattern” Era 14.3.4 The Downsides and Drop of the “South Jiangsu Pattern” 14.4 Phase II: Booming of New District Development 14.4.1 Pro-Growth Political and Economic Coalition Structure Was Strengthened 14.4.2 New Development Districts Became the Dominant Trend 14.4.3 The Mutually Related Land Expense and Economic Growth Process Driven by the Growth Machine 14.5 Emerging Trends: Expanding to a Larger Region and Shifting to a Sustainable Model? 14.6 Conclusion References Index