Chinese medicine and transnational transition during the modern era : commodification, hybridity, and segregation

This volume analyses the transition of Chinese medicine during the modern era, and the development of product and service niches in selected countries: China, Malaysia, Japan and the Philippines. By investigating the major actors behind the transition, it explores in what way and to what extent these actors affect the transition. It argues that the transnational transition of Chinese medicine is caused not only by spontaneous cultural and social factors, i.e. population growth, technological innovation and acculturation, but also by hegemonic political and economic factors such as Western influence, adoption of the philosophy of modern state, and global commodification of indigenous medical specialties. Md. Nazrul Islam is an Associate Professor at the General Education Office, BNU-HKBU United International College. He holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Hong Kong; an MSc in Community Health and Health Management from Heidelberg University; and a Bachelor's (First Class Honours) in Anthropology from Jahangirnagar University. Dr Islam has held visiting positions at the University of British Columbia, the University of Hong Kong, and Ateneo de Manila University. He is the author of Chinese and Indian Medicine Today-Branding Asia, published by Springer (2017) Preface Contents Notes on Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction Introduction Rise to Decline Revival and Hybridity Key Features of Transition During the Modern Era and Existing Literatures About This Book Professionalization, Integration, and Hybridity Commodification and Marketing Transnational Transition Conclusion References Part I Professionalization, Integration, and Hybridity 2 The Origin and Systematic Development of Chinese Medicine Education in China from Historic Time to Date Introduction Ancient TCM Education The Origin of Modern Higher TCM Education The Current Status of TCM Higher Education Education Level Programs/Majors Length of Schooling Curriculum Education Model: Integrated Institutional and Master-Apprentice Education Status Quo of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine The Origin and Development of TCM Education in Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, and Taiwan, China Conclusion References 3 The Evolution and Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Healthcare System and Integrated Medicine in China Introduction Major Methods and Specialties in Chinese Medicine The Integration of Western Medicine (WM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) The Evolution of TCM in Hospital Care in China Overall Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals in China Analysis of Medical Fees at the Outpatient Analysis of Medical Fees at the Inpatient Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Drug Revenue Medical Staff at Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals Findings from the Qualitative Analysis Relying on WM Drugs While Innovating TCM Drugs Cultivating the TCM Medical Staff Implications for Policy Makers and Public Integrated TCM and WM in Hong Kong Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Model in the HKU-SZ Hospital Future Development of Integrative Medicine in Hong Kong References Part II Commodification and Marketing 4 Tibetan Healing Traditions, Scientific Commodification, and Cultural Identity Prevailing Scholarship: Attending to the Complex Convergences Introduction Tibetan Healing Traditions in China: A Brief Introduction Commodification and the Spectacle of Minority Cultural Identity in China Commodification and Commercialization of Tibetan Areas Commodification and Scientisation of Tibetan Medicine Tibetan Healing Traditions: Marking Cultural Identity and Religio-Ecological Dialogue Balancing Commodification and Tibetan Healing Traditions Conclusion References 5 Medical Marketplaces, Commercialism, and Chinese Medicine in the Cholera Pandemic in Southeast Coastal China, 1961–1965 Introduction Medical Market, Commercialism, and the Fragmented Medical System “Bourgeois Medical Styles”: Medical Institutionalization and Political Discipline Chinese Medicine in the Cholera Pandemic Conclusion References 6 Chinese Medicine in the Cosmetics Market in China: History, Contemporary Development, and Challenges Introduction The Definition and Classification of Chinese Medicinal Cosmetics Chinese Medicine Theories of Producing and Using Chinese Medicinal Cosmetics Chinese Medicine and Its Relation to the Human Body and Cosmetics: A Historical Preview The Development of Chinese Medicinal Cosmetics in Contemporary China The Current Situation of Chinese Medicinal Cosmetics Market The Challenges and Insufficiencies of Applying Chinese Medicine in Cosmetics Conclusion References Part III Transnational Transition 7 Chinese Medicine in Malaysia After Decolonization: Segregation and Unequal Access Introduction and Methodology Segregation and Inequality Chinese Medicine as a Middle-Class Private Phenomenon in Malaysia Ethnic Preference Segregation and Sex Preference Conclusion References 8 Current Challenges and Issues for Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) in Malaysia Introduction T&CM Clinical Practice in Malaysia T&CM Education in Malaysia Development of T&CM Skill Training Continues Professional Programs in Malaysia T&CM Research in Malaysia Conclusion References 9 Imperial Medicine and Ethnicity in an Urban Society: Cholera Epidemics in the Philippines Introduction The Historiography of State and Voluntary Welfare Provision Cholera and Port Quarantine Public Health in Manila Medical Practices Conclusion References 10 Perceptions on Illness and Wellness in East Asia: Contemporary Views on Japanese Medical Systems and Traditions Introduction History and Anthropology of Medicine in Japan Research Design and Methodology Medical Anthropology as Framework of Analysis Prevalent Views on the Japanese Healthcare System Hospital Stigma: The Unwritten Subtext Kampo Medicine (漢 方): Tradition Versus Modernity The Futei Shuuso (不定 愁訴) Enigma The Role of Religion Phenomenology of Popular Health Practices Promoting the Image of the Healthy Japanese Conclusions References Index