China’s Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization: A New Typology and Reflections from International Students (East-West Crosscurrents in Higher Education)

Series Editor's Foreword References Preface Contents Abbreviations 1 China’s Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization: An Introduction 1.1 Target Situation of the Book: China’s “Outward-Oriented” HE Internationalization 1.2 China’s Challenge in “Outward-Oriented” HE Internationalization: The Gap Between Soft Power Goals and the Reality 1.3 Overview of Three Dimensions of China’s “Outward-Oriented” HE Internationalization 1.4 Overview of Book Chapters References 2 Previous Studies on China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization Approach 2.1 Studies on China’s Cultural Diplomacy and Its Implementation Through Higher Education 2.2 Studies on China’s Higher Education-Related International Development Aid 2.3 Studies on China’s Higher Education Level International Student Recruitment 2.4 Conclusion References 3 A New Typology of Inward- and Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization 3.1 Rationale of Proposing This New Typology 3.2 Theoretical Perspectives Behind Higher Education Internationalization 3.3 Neo-Marxist Theories and Concepts Related to Higher Education Internationalization 3.4 Soft Power, Public Diplomacy, and Knowledge Diplomacy 3.5 Confucian Philosophy and Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization 3.6 Typologies Related to Higher Education Internationalization 3.7 Constructing a New Typology in Higher Education Internationalization 3.8 Cases of “Inward- and Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization 3.9 Conclusion References 4 China’s Modern Higher Education Development and Ancient Heritage: Historical Roots of Its “Outward-Oriented” Approach 4.1 China’s Historical Traditions of Higher Education 4.2 China’s “Inward-Oriented” Higher Education Modernization 4.3 China’s Higher Education Development in the Cold War Era 4.4 China’s Higher Education Development Trends During the Post-Cold War Era 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Understanding Three Dimensions of China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization 5.1 China’s Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization 5.2 China’s Strategic Plans Related to Higher Education Internationalization 5.3 Confucius Institutes: China’s Cultural Diplomacy Program 5.4 International Development Aid in Higher Education 5.5 International Student Recruitment at the Higher Education Level 5.6 Hypothetical Solutions in Optimizing the Status Quo 5.7 Further Discussion and Analysis Among the Three Dimensions 5.8 Conclusion References 6 Quantitative Reflections of International Students Toward China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization 6.1 A Brief Introduction of Quantitative Data Analysis 6.2 Statistical Descriptions and Findings 6.3 Quantitative Exploration Through Regression Analysis 6.3.1 China’s Macro-Level Strategy and Source-Country Features 6.3.2 Treating Potential International Students and Source-Country Features 6.3.3 Treating Current International Students and Source-Country Features 6.4 Conclusion Reference 7 Qualitative Reflections of International Students Toward China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization 7.1 Overview of Qualitative Survey Data 7.2 Policies and Activities in Treating Potential International Students 7.2.1 The Lack of Appropriate Information Channels 7.2.2 Admission Policies 7.3 Policies and Implementation in Treating Current International Students 7.3.1 Quality of International Student Education and Professors 7.3.2 Lack of a Bilingual Environment 7.3.3 Lack of Academic and Research Support 7.3.4 Administrative Issues in Chinese Universities 7.3.5 Lack of Opportunities of Learning Chinese Culture and Language 7.3.6 Other Important Reflections 7.4 Macro-Level Suggestions for and Comments on China’s Approach 7.5 Conclusion 8 Conclusion and Suggestions Towards China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization 8.1 Highlighting and Summarizing Research Findings 8.2 Discussing and Modifying the Hypothetical Solutions 8.3 Concluding the Book References Appendix A Methodology and Method Brian Holmes’s Problem Approach Research Design: A Post-Positivist Approach Overview of Research Design Comprehensive Review of Relevant Literature Empirical Exploratory Inquiry: Research Sites and Survey Population Exploratory Empirical Inquiry: Survey Design Survey Modification: Experts’ Review and Pilot Test Quantitative Data Coding and Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis Summary References Appendix B Survey Questionnaire China’s (Outward-Oriented) Higher Education Internationalization Survey This book introduces a new typology of “inward- and outward-oriented” higher education internationalization, and investigates China’s current situation of shifting from a mainly “inward-oriented” higher education internationalization to a more balanced approach. It describes the gap between China’s soft power goals of using higher education internationalization for image and influence enhancement and the reality, and examines the three major dimensions of China’s “outward-oriented” higher education internationalization (i.e. the Confucius Institute program based on Sino-foreign higher education collaboration, international development aid in higher education, and higher education level international student recruitment) based on reflections provided by international graduate students in English instruction programs in education-related majors in three Chinese universities. Providing both theoretical insights and real-world examples, this book is suitable for higher education researchers, graduate students in the relevant fields, administrators of higher education institutions, and policymakers in the government sector. This book introduces a new typology of "onward- and outward-oriented" higher education internationalization, and investigates China's current situation of shifting from a mainly "onward-oriented" higher education internationalization to a more balanced approach. It describes the gap between China's soft power goals of using higher education internationalization for image and influence enhancement and the reality, and examines the three major dimensions of China's "outward-oriented" HE internationalization (i.e. the Confucius Institute program based on Sino-foreign higher education collaboration, international development aid in higher education, and higher education level international student recruitment) based on reflections provided by international graduate students in English instruction programs in education-related majors in three Chinese universities. Providing both theoretical insights and real-world examples, this book is suitable for higher education researchers, graduate students in the relevant fields, administrators of higher education institutions, and policymakers in the government sector