Chinas Globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative (Politics and Development of Contemporary China)

This book explains the importance of globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative, which is one of the essential projects of President Xi Jinping, and where China fits on the global arena. Additionally, the contributors cover such important topics as China's maritime traffic, infrastructure along the modern Silk Road, the South China Sea, and China's relationship with Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, Hong Kong, and Macao. This edited volume will interest scholars, researchers, and students in the fields of Asian studies, globalization, political science, and Chinese politics. Jean A. Berlie is Researcher at The Education University of Hong Kong, China Acknowledgment 6 Praise for China’s Globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative 7 Contents 8 Notes on Contributors 10 Abbreviations 12 List of Figures 14 List of Maps 15 List of Tables 16 Chapter 1: Introduction 17 Foreword 17 Positive and Negative Aspects, Including the Risks of the Belt and Road Initiative 23 The Belt and Road Initiative Related to the Ancient Silk Road, Also Need International Arbitration for Its Development 25 References 25 Chapter 2: The New Silk Road 28 The Modern Silk Road in 2019 29 Toward Globalization 33 Infrastructure 39 Harmony Along the Belt and Road 40 Support for the Silk Road: Its Legal Development and Arbitration 41 ASEAN 45 ASEAN and the South China Sea 46 Final Words 49 References 51 Chapter 3: Xinjiang and Central Asia’s Pivot of History for the Belt and Road Initiative 56 The Pivot of Asia 56 The Silk Road and the Mongols 57 PRC Reforms in Xinjiang 59 Development of the Belt and Road in Central Asia 60 Economy and Geopolitics 61 Uyghur Diaspora 64 Conclusion 66 References 68 Chapter 4: Infrastructure and the Belt and Road Initiative 71 Introduction 72 Objective 72 Importance of Infrastructure and Belt and Road Initiative and Geographical Scope 73 Non-Infrastructure Barriers 74 Description 75 Regional Economic Impact 75 Phases 76 Important Financing Gap 77 Private Public Partnership Is Privileged 78 Main Impacts for Development 79 Threats for the Realization of Benefits from the BRI 80 Challenges 81 An Extension of the Chinese Development Model? 84 Infrastructure and Dispute Resolution: Arbitration and Mediation 86 Conclusion 87 References 88 Chapter 5: The Greater Bay Area and the Role of Hong Kong and Macau SARs in the Belt and Road Initiative 91 What Is the Greater Bay Area? How Fast Will It Be Promoted? 92 Stability of the Society in Hong Kong and Macau SARs After 1997 and 1999, Social Harmony and Importance of the Economic Development Created by the Greater Bay Area 96 Following the Years 2007–2013, a View on the Economic, Social and Demographic Change in the Pearl River Delta, Now the Greater Bay Area 98 Globalization of Hong Kong and Macau SARs, Guangdong, and Necessary Investments in the Greater Bay Area 98 Importance of Hong Kong and Macau SARs. Globalization in the Chinese Context 100 Hong Kong SAR 101 Revisiting Chinese Opportunities for the Youth 103 Macau SAR and Zhuhai SEZ 105 The World’s Longest Bridge Over Sea, Xi Jinping’s Visit to Guangdong Province and Zhuhai 108 The Bridge Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau 108 Xi Jinping 109 Finance, Currencies and Belt and Road Short Comparison with the US Globalization and the Mega Bridge 110 Conclusion 111 Annex: Names of SOEs in Guangdong Province 112 References 113 Chapter 6: China’s Development of Public Goods in the South China Sea Islands 115 Introduction 116 China’s Political Will to Provide Public Goods in the SCS 117 More Facilities and Increasing Capabilities for Public Service in SCS 119 Code of Conduct and Cooperation in the South China Sea 123 Reducing Anti-China Sentiments and Safeguarding Common Interests 125 Easing Tensions from Conflict Through Arbitration 128 Disaster Relief and Exercises Would Improve China’s Image and Create a Desire of ASEAN Regional Players to Build Mutual Trust in the SCS 130 References 132 Chapter 7: China’s Globalization and the Belt and Road Project: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia 137 Preface 138 The Example of Indonesia 139 The Broad Lines of Indonesian Foreign Policy: From Sukarno to Suharto to Post-Reformasi 141 “The Garuda and the Dragon”: Indonesian Relations with China in the 1990s 141 Sino-Indonesian Relations in the Wake of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1998 143 Case of the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail: “An Icon for China’s Belt and Road Initiative” 145 Malaysia 146 The Mahathir Visit to China (August 2018) 148 Conclusion 149 References 150 Chapter 8: Timor-Leste and the Australia Treaty on Maritime Borders and Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative 153 Introduction 154 Introduction 155 Story and History 155 LNG Plant 161 Short Comparative on the Timor-Leste-Australian Treaty Versus the Global Question of Arbitration on the Belt and Road Initiative 162 Conclusion 166 References 167 Chapter 9: Africa-China Relations in the Context of Belt and Road Initiative: Realizing African-Chinese Dreams for Common Development? 170 Introduction 171 Contemporary Africa-China Relations Under the Auspices of FOCAC 173 Political, Economic, Security and Ideological Interests in China’s Policy Towards Africa 176 Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Context of the China Dream 179 Belt and Road Initiative and the China Model: A Demonstration of China’s System Self-confidence 181 Belt and Road Initiative and Africa: Realizing African-Chinese Dreams or Xi’s Testing Ground? 183 Conclusion 186 References 187 Chapter 10: A Chinese-African Cross Cultural Perspective on Dispute Settlement and the Belt and Road Initiative: Challenges and Risks Facing Chinese Investors 192 Introduction 193 Investor-State Arbitration Under the China-South Africa BIT 196 Umbrella Clause in the China-South Africa BIT 197 Conditions to International Arbitration Under the China-South Africa BIT: Domestic Administrative Review and the “Fork-in-the-Road” Provision 201 Ad hoc Arbitration for Investor-State Disputes Under the China-South Africa BIT 205 More Transparency in China-South Africa Treaty Arbitration? 206 Transparency: The Growing Trend of Investment Arbitration 206 UNCITRAL Transparency Rules and UN Transparency Convention 208 China’s Position on the Transparency of Investor-State Arbitration Under the China-South Africa BIT 211 Conclusion 214 References 214 Chapter 11: Epilogue 219 Opportunities and Risks of the Belt and Road Initiative 223 Risks of the BRI 223 Opportunities of the BRI 225 Prospects 227 References 228 Bibliography 229 Index 248 Front Matter ....Pages i-xix Introduction (Jean A. Berlie)....Pages 1-11 The New Silk Road (Jean A. Berlie)....Pages 13-40 Xinjiang and Central Asia’s Pivot of History for the Belt and Road Initiative (Jean A. Berlie)....Pages 41-55 Infrastructure and the Belt and Road Initiative (Manuel Benard)....Pages 57-76 The Greater Bay Area and the Role of Hong Kong and Macau SARs in the Belt and Road Initiative (Jean A. Berlie, Steven Hung)....Pages 77-100 China’s Development of Public Goods in the South China Sea Islands (Zhang Mingliang)....Pages 101-122 China’s Globalization and the Belt and Road Project: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia (Geoffrey C. Gunn)....Pages 123-138 Timor-Leste and the Australia Treaty on Maritime Borders and Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative (Peter Murphy, Jean A. Berlie)....Pages 139-155 Africa-China Relations in the Context of Belt and Road Initiative: Realizing African-Chinese Dreams for Common Development? (Raymond Kwun-Sun Lau)....Pages 157-178 A Chinese-African Cross Cultural Perspective on Dispute Settlement and the Belt and Road Initiative: Challenges and Risks Facing Chinese Investors (Li Ke)....Pages 179-205 Epilogue (Jean A. Berlie)....Pages 207-216 Back Matter ....Pages 217-240