China in International Society Since 1949: Alienation and Beyond (St Antony's Series)

## Preface In an unu sual intervention in the studies of Chinese forei gn policy recently , Jam es Rosenau notes a prevailing rejection of 'the applicability of general theory ' of IR (Internation al Relations) in expl aining and interpreting contemporary China' s international relations. Whil e scathingly critical of Chin a speci alists' antipathy tow ards IR theo ry, he asserts that ' we have no choice .. . but to place China in a larger theoretical context' ., The ant ipathy is, in fact, mutual. There seems to be a curious conspiracy amon g international theori sts and Ch ina specialists about the studies of international relations of contemporary China. IR theory and, for that matter, IR theori sts, seem to have maintained a respectful distance from contemporary China. Studies of Ch ina 's international relations and Chinese foreign pol icy, on the other hand , seem to have reciprocated, if only inadv ertently, with inexplicable recalcitrance to being theori sed about. Small wonde r it is that there should be an earne st plea for greater efforts by IR theorists and China specialists in ' linking the study of Chinese fore ign pol icy with its parent disc ipline of international relation s' .2 Thi s stud y is a venture in modifying that mutual ant ipathy by placing the study of China' s international relations since 1949 in the general theoretic al framework of international soci ety tradition normally associated with the English School of International Relations. It is an attempt to integrate the study of Chin a ' s past with its pre sent, and of China in world politic s with China in the international economy. It is also the continuation of a personal endeavour started in my earlier book China in the International System, 1918-1920: the Middle Kingdom at the Periphery to seek to understand China's internatio nal behaviour in the tumultuous twentieth century world politics." Such is not an easy enterprise. In undertaking and finishing this enterprise, my intellectual debts to a large number of individu als and institutions are great. It would not be possible to list all of them here and many would in fact prefer to remain anonymous. I would like to acknowledge my thanks to Wolfson College, Oxford , where the idea of this study was first conceived wh ile I was a Junior Research Fellow there, to St Antony 's College, Oxford, for offering an insp iring environment for me to finish this final draft , to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for its help during my various research trips to China and to the Dep artment of Politic al Studies of Auckland University for institutional support. vii viii ## Prefa ce Adam Roberts has never failed to provide encouragement and stimulation for me to finish th is study, wheth er when I was in town or down unde r. To him I am immensely grateful. I am also indebted to two anonymous readers of an earlier draft for valuabl e sugges tions of revision and to Rosemary Foot for sponsoring my Sen ior Ass ociate Membership at St. Antony' s Coll ege at the final stage of my writing. Finally , my greatest debt goes to my wife, Shanping and my daughter, Jessie for their love and under standing and for Jessie ' s putting up with my inability to explain clearl y to her what this book is all about. 2 Isolation or Alienation? From now on, our nation will jo in the great family of peace-and freedom-loving nations of the world. ## Mao Zedong, 21 September 1949 To all intents and purposes, the est ablishment of the People ' s Republ ic of China in Octob er 1949 is one of the most significant eve nts in twen tieth-century world pol itics. It helped reshape the political and strategi c balance in the post-w ar international sys tem, and has since exercise d profound and lasting influence in the evolution of international relations in the second half of the twentieth century. The PRC entered international politics , howe ver, at a critical j uncture in world history . By October 1949, the bipol ari sation of the world was alre ady crystall ised by the division of Europe in the wake of the Berlin Crisis and the establishment of the North Atlantic Treat y Organ isation (NATO) . Nuclear confrontation between the two superpowers was taking shape with the explos ion of the Soviet atom ic bomb in Jul y 1949. A titanic stru ggle between two ideolo gies, communism and capitalism and between East and West, was in the making. Th e emerge nce of the PRC in such a divided world had pro found implications for its place in post-war international society. Indeed, in the first two decade s of its existence , the PRC was excluded from the United Nations and was largel y outside the ex isting international economic order. China was some times rega rded as a ' bogy ' in world politics. It is very often argued that the abnormality of China was Ch ina ' s isolated statu s in the world. The assumption and contention that China was in isolation underline many studies of Chin a's foreign relations of the period . Thi s chapter revisits and ch allenges the conventional wisdom that China was in isolation in the international system. It argues that the exclusion of the PRC from the United Nations and many other international organi sation s and China' s limited cont act with the world economy did constitute real ities of international life in the 1950s and the I960s. The China anomaly did exist in international relations. It is, however, not the isolation but the ali enation of China from int ern ational society that characterises the anomalous pos ition of China in that society in the 1950s and the 1960s. The Twentieth Century Posed Great Challenges For British Foreign Policy. How Effectively Did Policymakers Cope With Change And Decline? Were They As Pragmatic As They Claimed? Are There Identifiable Patterns Of Success And Failure? Peter Mangold Seeks To Answer These Questions In This New Thematic Account Of British Foreign Policy Between 1900 And 2000. Issues Covered Include Imperial Overstretch, The Reluctance To Engage Militarily And Politically With Continental Europe, Alliance Management, The Role Of Force, Loss Of Great Power Status, And Britain's Impact On The International System. The Final Chapter Considers Prospects For The Twenty-first Century.--jacket. 1. The Scope Of The Possible -- 2. Ends Beyond Means -- 3. The Limits Of Pragmatism -- 4. Kinds Of Allies -- 5. The Strategic Dimension -- 6. The Sound Barrier -- 7. International Impact -- 8. Patterns And Prognoses -- App. I. Outline Chronology, Main Events Relating To British Foreign Policy, 1900-2000 -- App. Ii. British Foreign Secretaries, 1900-2001. Peter Mangold. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 219-233) And Index. "The twentieth century posed great challenges for British foreign policy. How effectively did policymakers cope with change and decline? Were they as pragmatic as they claimed? Are there identifiable patterns of success and failure?". "Peter Mangold seeks to answer these questions in this new thematic account of British foreign policy between 1900 and 2000. Issues covered include imperial overstretch, the reluctance to engage militarily and politically with continental Europe, alliance management, the role of force, loss of Great Power status, and Britain's impact on the international system. The final chapter considers prospects for the twenty-first century."--BOOK JACKET. This book is a reinterpretation of China's international relations since 1949. Employing the notion and theory of international society, it offers a systematic examination of China's unique relationship with the society of states from its alienation in the 1950s and the 1960s to its political socialisation and economic integration in the 1980s and the 1990s. It explores how such a unique relationship has shaped and is likely to shape Chinese foreign policy. This book provides an entirely new perspective for our understanding of forces influencing Chinese foreign policy behaviour. This book is a reinterpretation of China's international relations since 1949. Employing the notion and theory of international society, it offers a systematic examination of China's unique relationship with the society of states from its alienation in the 1950s and the 1960s to its political socialization and economic integration in the 1980s and the 1990s. It explores how such a unique relationship has shaped and is likely to shape Chinese foreign policy. This book provides an entirely new perspective for our understanding of forces influencing Chinese foreign policy behavior. A growing interest in political Islam has assumed significant ideological and intellectual dimensions, especially in recent years. Rather than viewing the issue as Islam versus the rest, or tradition against modernity, this volume acknowledges the mutualities without overlooking the tensions. It centers on issues such as the Rushdie affair, conflictive pluralism in South Asia and Islam's links with the Kashmir dispute, the Iranian revolution, civil war in Afghanistan, and western public diplomacy. Front Matter....Pages i-viii Introduction....Pages 1-6 The Past as a Prologue....Pages 7-16 Isolation or Alienation?....Pages 17-58 Mutual Legitimation....Pages 59-98 Changing Perceptions....Pages 99-125 Political Socialisation....Pages 126-193 Economic Integration....Pages 194-243 Conclusion: China in the Post-Cold War International Society....Pages 244-251 Back Matter....Pages 252-345 "This book gives an economic perspective to the analysis of deforestation. Following a survey of different deforestation definitions, theories and empirical evidence, a case-study of Ecuador provides a versatile historical picture of factors influencing forest loss throughout different periods, regions and ecosystems."--BOOK JACKET.