China and the U.S.: Comparing Global Influence (China in the 21st Century)

This book compares the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) and U.S. projections of global influence, with an emphasis on non-coercive means or 'soft power,' and suggests ways to think about U.S. foreign policy options in light of China’s emergence. The global public images of the two countries are compared in this book and PRC and U.S. uses of soft power tools are described, such as public diplomacy, state diplomacy, and foreign assistance. Other forms of soft power such as military diplomacy, global trade and investment, and sovereign wealth funds are also examined. Furthermore, this book analyzes PRC and U.S. diplomatic and economic activities in five developing regions - Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. CHINA AND THE U. S. COMPARING GLOBAL INFLUENCE 5 CONTENTS 8 PREFACE 10 PART ONE: OVERVIEW 12 SUMMARY 12 INTOPRODUCTION 13 Contrasting Diplomatic Styles 13 China’s Economic Attractiveness 13 PRC and U.S. Soft Power in Five Regions 14 Diplomacy 14 Foreign Assistance 15 A U.S. Resurgence? 16 FOREIGN POLICY INTERESTS AND IMPLEMENTS OF POWER 17 The Post-Cold War Interlude 18 The China Model? 18 Implications for the United States 21 Instruments of Hard and Soft Power 24 ASSESSING CHINA’S SOFT POWER 26 Limitations on Chinese Soft Power 27 End Notes 29 PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC 32 DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE 32 U.S. Public Diplomacy 33 Background 33 U.S. Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs 34 Funding 34 PRC Confucius Institutes and Language Training 36 Foreign Students 36 State Diplomacy 36 U.S. Foreign Aid 37 Background 37 Funding 38 China’s Foreign Aid 40 GLOBAL PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS 41 PRC AND U.S. MILITARY DIPLOMACY 42 Overview of Military Budgets 42 Military Training 43 Peacekeeping Operations 45 INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS 47 OVERSEAS DIRECT INVESTMENT 58 CHINA’S SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND 68 China’s Reasons for Creating China Investment Corporation 68 Will and Can China Use the CIC as an Instrument of Soft Power? 69 CIC’s Unintended Soft Power Effects 70 End Notes 70 PART THREE: REGIONAL COMPARISONS 76 SOUTHEAST ASIA 76 Cultural and Educational Exchange Activities 79 U.S. Programs 79 Foreign Students 80 Diplomacy 80 China’s Efforts to Boost Economic Ties with ASEAN 81 U.S. Efforts to Bolster Trade with ASEAN 81 High-Level Visits 81 Foreign Assistance 82 China’s Foreign Assistance 82 U.S. Foreign Assistance 84 U.S. Foreign Aid Sanctions 84 Public Opinion 85 CENTRAL ASIA 86 Cultural and Educational Exchange Activities 88 U.S. Government-Sponsored Exchange and Training 88 Chinese Programs 89 Diplomacy 90 U.S. Bilateral and Multilateral Relations 90 High-Level Visits 92 U.S. Diplomacy on Trade and Investment 93 Other U.S. Multilateral Ties with Central Asia 96 The United States and the SCO 97 China’s Bilateral and Multilateral Relations 98 China’s Bilateral Ties with Central Asian States 98 China’s Multilateral Ties with Central Asia 99 Foreign Assistance 101 U.S. Foreign Assistance 101 Congressional Conditions on Kazakh and Uzbek Aid 102 China’s Foreign Aid 103 AFRICA 104 Economic Factors 105 Political Factors 107 Responses 107 Implications for U.S. Policy 108 Cultural and Educational Cooperation 109 Chinese Education Cooperation 109 Training 110 Confucius Institutes in Africa 110 Other Exchanges 111 PRC Youth Volunteers in Africa 111 PRC Media 111 PRC Health Diplomacy 111 U.S. Educational and Cultural Cooperation 112 Fulbright Programs 112 Higher Education Assistance to Africa 113 Other Outreach, Public Diplomacy, and Cooperative Efforts 113 Diplomacy 114 China’s African Policy 114 FOCAC 114 Vehicles for PRC Diplomacy 115 Regional Ties 115 African Union 116 Military and Security Issues 116 U.S. Relations 117 Foreign Assistance 118 Chinese Assistance 118 Aid Structure 119 PRC African Aid Levels 120 U.S. Assistance 120 PEPFAR 121 MCC 122 Public Opinion 123 MIDDLE EAST 124 Cultural and Educational Exchanges 125 China’s Cultural Diplomacy 125 U.S. Education Programs. 126 The Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) 126 USAID 126 ASHA Program 126 The Bureau of Education & Cultural Affairs 127 U.S. Public Diplomacy Efforts 127 Evolution of U.S. Public Diplomacy Strategy in the Middle East 128 Diplomacy 128 Israel 130 Iran 130 Saudi Arabia 131 Iraq 132 Foreign Assistance 132 Chinese Foreign Assistance 132 U.S. Foreign Assistance 133 Public Opinion 134 LATIN AMERICA 134 Cultural and Educational Exchange Activities 137 China’s Activities 137 U.S. Activities 137 Diplomacy 138 China’s Relations 138 U.S. Relations 140 Foreign Assistance 141 China’s Foreign Aid 141 U.S. Foreign Aid 142 Public Opinion 144 End Notes 145 CHAPTER SOURCES 156 INDEX 158 160692995X,9781606929957 Nova Science CHINA AND THE U. S. COMPARING GLOBAL INFLUENCE......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 10 SUMMARY......Page 12 China’s Economic Attractiveness......Page 13 Diplomacy......Page 14 Foreign Assistance......Page 15 A U.S. Resurgence?......Page 16 FOREIGN POLICY INTERESTS AND IMPLEMENTS OF POWER ......Page 17 The China Model?......Page 18 Implications for the United States......Page 21 Instruments of Hard and Soft Power......Page 24 ASSESSING CHINA’S SOFT POWER......Page 26 Limitations on Chinese Soft Power......Page 27 End Notes......Page 29 DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE......Page 32 Background......Page 33 Funding......Page 34 State Diplomacy......Page 36 Background......Page 37 Funding......Page 38 China’s Foreign Aid......Page 40 GLOBAL PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS......Page 41 Overview of Military Budgets......Page 42 Military Training......Page 43 Peacekeeping Operations......Page 45 INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS......Page 47 OVERSEAS DIRECT INVESTMENT......Page 58 China’s Reasons for Creating China Investment Corporation......Page 68 Will and Can China Use the CIC as an Instrument of Soft Power?......Page 69 End Notes......Page 70 SOUTHEAST ASIA......Page 76 U.S. Programs......Page 79 Diplomacy......Page 80 High-Level Visits......Page 81 China’s Foreign Assistance......Page 82 U.S. Foreign Aid Sanctions......Page 84 Public Opinion......Page 85 CENTRAL ASIA......Page 86 U.S. Government-Sponsored Exchange and Training......Page 88 Chinese Programs......Page 89 U.S. Bilateral and Multilateral Relations......Page 90 High-Level Visits......Page 92 U.S. Diplomacy on Trade and Investment......Page 93 Other U.S. Multilateral Ties with Central Asia......Page 96 The United States and the SCO......Page 97 China’s Bilateral Ties with Central Asian States......Page 98 China’s Multilateral Ties with Central Asia......Page 99 U.S. Foreign Assistance......Page 101 Congressional Conditions on Kazakh and Uzbek Aid......Page 102 China’s Foreign Aid......Page 103 AFRICA......Page 104 Economic Factors......Page 105 Responses......Page 107 Implications for U.S. Policy......Page 108 Chinese Education Cooperation......Page 109 Confucius Institutes in Africa......Page 110 PRC Health Diplomacy......Page 111 Fulbright Programs......Page 112 Other Outreach, Public Diplomacy, and Cooperative Efforts......Page 113 FOCAC......Page 114 Regional Ties......Page 115 Military and Security Issues......Page 116 U.S. Relations......Page 117 Chinese Assistance......Page 118 Aid Structure......Page 119 U.S. Assistance......Page 120 PEPFAR......Page 121 MCC......Page 122 Public Opinion......Page 123 MIDDLE EAST......Page 124 China’s Cultural Diplomacy......Page 125 ASHA Program......Page 126 U.S. Public Diplomacy Efforts......Page 127 Diplomacy......Page 128 Iran......Page 130 Saudi Arabia......Page 131 Chinese Foreign Assistance......Page 132 U.S. Foreign Assistance......Page 133 LATIN AMERICA......Page 134 U.S. Activities......Page 137 China’s Relations......Page 138 U.S. Relations......Page 140 China’s Foreign Aid......Page 141 U.S. Foreign Aid......Page 142 Public Opinion......Page 144 End Notes......Page 145 CHAPTER SOURCES......Page 156 INDEX......Page 158 This book compares the People's Republic of China's (PRC) and U.S. projections of global influence, with an emphasis on non-coercive means or 'soft power', and suggests ways to think about U.S. foreign policy options in light of China's emergence. The global public images of the two countries are compared in this book and PRC and U.S. uses of soft power tools are described, such as public diplomacy, state diplomacy, and foreign assistance. Other forms of soft power such as military diplomacy, global trade and investment, and sovereign wealth funds are also examined. Furthermore, this book analyses PRC and U.S. diplomatic and economic activities in five developing regions - Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America