China and the International System, 1840-1949 : Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation

As China continues its rapid ascent within the international system, questions of where it came from have particular relevance. Combining history with international relations theory, David Scott considers China's first substantive modern period of encounter with the West from 1840 through 1949, a period characterized as the Century of Humiliation. During this time China fell from Middle Kingdom preeminence to a position in the international system that remained an enigmatic and challenging one: too strong to be taken over as a colony, yet not strong enough to shape its own destiny. At the heart of Scott's study is encounter, and, with it, questions of power, presence, and perceptions. He examines the images, hopes, and fears that were evoked during China's century-long subservience to external powers, including opposing views of China as a threat or China as the'sick man of Asia'and the West as evil or the West as savior. China and the Chinese are explored in terms of their interaction with the international system, with a particular focus on America and Australia. Cover......Page 1 CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM,1840–1949......Page 4 Contents......Page 8 PREFACE: The “Century of Humiliation”as a Retrospective Icon......Page 12 Transliteration and Word Order......Page 14 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND CHINA:A CHALLENGE OF TOPIC AND DISCIPLINARITY......Page 16 CULTURE AND IDENTITY......Page 18 RACE......Page 21 IMAGES......Page 22 SOURCES......Page 24 COLLIDING IMAGES......Page 28 THE FIRST OPIUM WAR (1840–1842)......Page 37 HUMILIATION AND THE UNEQUAL TREATIES SYSTEM......Page 39 CHINESE RESPONSES TO DEFEAT......Page 44 CHINESE EMIGRATION BECOMESAN INTERNATIONAL ISSUE......Page 47 THE SECOND OPIUM WAR (1857–1860)......Page 50 GEOCULTURAL POLITICS AND THE BURNING OF THE SUMMER PALACE......Page 58 RUSSIA’S DRIVE TO THE AMUR BASIN AND VLADIVOSTOK......Page 62 EFFECTS AND AFTERMATH OF THE SECOND OPIUM WAR......Page 64 “SELF-STRENGTHENING” ADVOCATES IN CHINA......Page 67 CHINESE IMMIGRATION ISSUES IN THEUNITED STATES AND THE “HEATHEN CHINEE”......Page 73 THE “CHINESE THREAT” IN AUSTRALASIA......Page 78 ONGOING AND NEW THREATS TO CHINA IN ASIA......Page 80 POLITICAL RESTRICTIONS IN CALIFORNIA......Page 85 CHINESE DIPLOMACY IN THE WEST......Page 90 4. China’s Attempted “Awakening”......Page 94 CHINA’S MILITARY REVIVAL......Page 95 AUSTRALASIAN INVASION SCARES AND POLITICAL DEBATES......Page 99 AMERICAN SOCIAL DARWINISMAND ANTI-IMMIGRATION POLITICS......Page 111 RUSSIAN RESPONSES TO CHINA......Page 118 AN ANGLO-CHINESE ALLIANCE?......Page 122 THE “MARCH OF THE MONGOL”AND “THE CHINESE QUESTION”......Page 124 CHINESE VOICES ON “CHINA’S AWAKENING”......Page 129 THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1894–1895......Page 132 EASTERN PERSPECTIVES ON THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR......Page 134 WESTERN PERSPECTIVES ON THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR......Page 137 REFORMIST ANALYSIS AND IMPERIAL LEADERSHIP......Page 142 “SLICED LIKE A WATER-MELON”......Page 147 THE BOXER REVOLT......Page 158 AUTUMNAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE BOXER REVOLT......Page 166 CHINESE PERSPECTIVES......Page 169 REEMERGENCE OF A CHINA THREAT PERCEPTION......Page 170 RUSSIAN GEOPOLITICS......Page 173 XINZHENG REFORMS AND CHINESE NATIONALISM......Page 176 THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WARAND A SINO-JAPANESE AXIS......Page 186 IMMIGRATION AND TRADE FURORSACROSS THE PACIFIC......Page 191 FALL OF THE QING......Page 197 IMAGES OF A NEW REPUBLIC, A NEW CHINA......Page 204 YELLOW PERIL INCARNATIONS(FU MANCHU AND OTHERS)......Page 207 CHINA AND “WORLD” WAR I......Page 211 DIPLOMATIC BETRAYALS ANDTHE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT......Page 220 RACE AND CULTURE, PAN-ASIANISM,AND CHINESE NATIONALISM......Page 224 THE SOVIET FACTOR......Page 233 UNEQUAL TREATIES REVISION ANDNATIONALIST AGITATION-RENEWAL......Page 235 NATIONAL REUNIFICATION AND UNCERTAINTIES......Page 250 7. Wartime Humiliations from Japan and the West......Page 258 THE MANCHURIAN AFFAIR AND AFTERMATH......Page 259 THE SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1937–1945)......Page 267 YELLOW-RED PERILS?......Page 273 IMMIGRATION AND EXTRATERRITORIALITY,STRATEGIC REVISIONS......Page 279 PERCEPTIONS OF CHINA’S STATUSAS A GREAT POWER AND MILITARY ALLY......Page 283 WESTERN COMMENTS ON CHINA’S POSTWAR ROLE......Page 289 RACE, POPULATION, AND IMMIGRATIONRESURFACE ACROSS THE PACIFIC......Page 295 WHOSE CHINA?......Page 298 8. Legacies......Page 308 Bibliography......Page 314 B......Page 362 C......Page 363 D......Page 364 H......Page 365 K......Page 366 M......Page 367 P......Page 368 S......Page 369 T......Page 370 W......Page 371 Z......Page 372 David Scott Considers China's First Substantive Modern Period Of Encounter With The West From 1840 Through 1949, A Period Characterized As The Century Of Humiliation. During This Time China Fell From Middle Kingdom Preeminence To A Position In The International System That Remained An Enigmatic And Challenging One: Too Strong To Be Taken Over As A Colony, Yet Not Strong Enough To Shape Its Own Destiny. At The Heart Of Scott's Study Is Encounter, And, With It, Questions Of Power, Presence, And Perceptions. He Examines The Images, Hopes, And Fears That Were Evoked During China's Century-long Subservience To External Powers, Including Opposing Views Of China As A Threat Or China As The Sick Man Of Asia And The West As Evil Or The West As Savior. China And The Chinese Are Explored In Terms Of Their Interaction With The International System, With A Particular Focus On America And Australia.--book Jacket. International Relations, History, And Images -- Humiliations Established In The First And Second Opium Wars -- Humiliations Maintained -- China's Attempted Awakening -- China's Further Humiliations -- China Adrift In A Brave New World -- Wartime Humiliations From Japan And The West. David Scott. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 299-345) And Index. As China continues its rapid ascent within the international system, questions of where it came from have particular relevance. Combining history with international relations theory, David Scott considers China's first substantive modern period of encounter with the West from 1840 through 1949, a period characterized as the Century of Humiliation. During this time China fell from Middle Kingdom preeminence to a position in the international system that remained an enigmatic and challenging too strong to be taken over as a colony, yet not strong enough to shape its own destiny. At the heart of Scott's study is encounter, and, with it, questions of power, presence, and perceptions. He examines the images, hopes, and fears that were evoked during China's century-long subservience to external powers, including opposing views of China as a threat or China as the "sick man of Asia" and the West as evil or the West as savior. China and the Chinese are explored in terms of their interaction with the international system, with a particular focus on America and Australia. Introduction: International relations, history, and images Humiliations established in the First and Second Opium Wars Humiliations maintained on China and the Chinese post-1860 China's attempted first awakening China's further humiliations China adrift in a brave new world War-time humiliations from Japan and the West.