حقوق کودکان و حداقل سن مسئولیت کیفری: یک دیدگاه جهانی (پیشرفت‌ها در جرم‌شناسی)

Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits. Contents......Page 6 List of Figures and Tables......Page 8 Foreword......Page 10 Preface......Page 14 Acknowledgements......Page 18 Rights, Competence, and Competing Constructions of Childhood......Page 20 Welfare Approach and the Postponement of Criminal Responsibility......Page 23 Criminal Responsibility and the Justice Approach......Page 27 Conclusion......Page 35 2 Children’s Rights’ Mediation of Welfare–Justice Tensions......Page 38 Progression of Rights from Welfare to Justice......Page 39 The Best Interests of the Child and Due Process Guarantees......Page 43 Respect for the Views of the Child and Effective Participation at Trial......Page 45 The Evolving Capacities of the Child......Page 48 Reintegration into Society......Page 55 Conclusion......Page 56 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights......Page 60 American Convention on Human Rights......Page 62 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949......Page 63 Convention against Torture......Page 68 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice......Page 69 Convention on the Rights of the Child......Page 72 European Social Charter......Page 84 European Convention on Human Rights......Page 85 Conclusion......Page 86 Roman Law, European Law, and European Colonial Law......Page 90 Islamic Law......Page 96 Soviet Law......Page 103 Customary, Traditional, and Religious Law Systems......Page 106 Conclusion......Page 109 Making Sense of MACRs and Punishment: Methodological Considerations......Page 112 Current MACRs Worldwide......Page 116 Scrutiny under the CRC and Rising MACRs......Page 130 Downward Pressures: Isolated Crimes and Widespread Hype......Page 133 The MACR as a General Principle of International Law......Page 145 Conclusion......Page 147 No Proof of Age or Reliable Age Estimates......Page 150 Problematic State Responses to Children Younger than MACRs......Page 155 No Effective Response to Children Younger than MACRs......Page 158 MACRs that Threaten Children’s Right to Effective Participation at Trial......Page 163 Undermining of Doli Incapax and Similar Presumptions......Page 167 Instrumental Use of Young Children by Adults for Crimes......Page 170 Courts’ Disregard for MACRs, and Extrajudicial Acts Against Children......Page 172 Conclusion......Page 174 Defining a More Meaningful MACR......Page 176 MACR Provisions: Establishment, Implementation, and Monitoring......Page 178 Annex 1 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child......Page 184 Annex 2 Worldwide MACR Provisions and Statutory Sources by Country......Page 206 Index......Page 244 "Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits."--Pub. desc Annotation Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits Shifting perspectives on children, shifting rights and criminal responsibility in juvenile justice Children's rights: mediation of welfare-justice tensions MACRs and states' obligations under regional and international law instruments Historical influences on MACRs Current MACRs worldwide and modern trends Practical implications and challenges of MACR implementation Making MACRs work for children's rights.