Children Out of Place and Human Rights: In Memory of Judith Ennew (Childrens Well-Being: Indicators and Research, 15)

"This volume brings together tributes to Judith Ennew's work and approach based on issues related to children she once referred to as 'out of place', that is to say children whose living conditions and ways of life appear far removed from Western images of childhood. It includes contributions on working children, children living on the street, orphans and victims of sexual exploitation. It covers developments and concepts used by Judith Ennew with an emphasis on perspectives of children's human rights, their participation, cultural sensitivity, research methodology, methods, ethics, monitoring, policy making and programming. In so doing, it brings together material that form a holistic view of not only her way of thinking, but of a policy and programming agenda developed by a number of researchers, academics and activists since the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child."--Publisher's website Foreword: Judith Ennew liber amicorum 6 Judith Ennew 10 Contents 12 Contributors 14 List of Figures 20 List of Tables 22 Chapter 1: Introduction 23 1.1 Children Out of Place: Their Written and Unwritten Rights 23 References 28 Chapter 2: The 3Ps of Judith Ennew: Person, Philosophy and Pragmatism 30 References 42 Chapter 3: The Greatest Violation of Children’s Rights Is That We Do Not Know Enough About Their Lives or Care Enough to Find Out More 44 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Has Research Improved the Human Rights of Children? Or Have the Information Needs of the CRC Improved Data About Children? 46 3.2.1 What Is Social Research? 47 3.2.1.1 Social Research with Children 47 3.2.1.2 What Happened in the 1980s? 48 3.2.1.3 1990–2008 Childhood? or Children? or Children’s Rights 49 3.2.1.4 Social Research with Children Two Decades After the CRC 50 3.2.2 The Information Needs of the Committee on the Rights of the Child 50 3.2.2.1 Initial Government Reports to the CRC Committee (July 1992–May 1993) 51 3.2.2.2 Country Reports Now 55 3.2.2.3 The State of the World’s Data on the State of the World’s Children 58 3.2.2.4 ‘Child Protection’ Now Dominates the Field of Children’s Rights 60 3.2.3 Measurement and Children’s Rights Data 61 3.2.3.1 Definitions 62 3.2.4 Monitoring Children’s Rights Is Not Rocket Science 64 3.2.4.1 Disaggregation 64 3.2.4.2 Children-Centred Statistics 65 3.2.4.3 The Consequences for Monitoring Children’s Rights 66 3.3 Conclusions: Consequences for Children of Being Improperly Researched 66 References 67 References for Section “Introduction” 69 Chapter 4: Thinking About Street Children and Orphans in Africa: Beyond Survival 71 4.1 Street Children 72 4.2 Orphans 74 4.3 Survival Strategies 75 4.3.1 Beyond Survival 77 4.4 African Perspectives 79 4.5 Conclusion 81 References 81 Chapter 5: Working Children in an Increasingly Hostile World 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Background 84 5.3 Poverty and Globalisation 85 5.4 Social Modification 90 5.5 Work and Education 90 5.6 Corporatising Education 91 5.6.1 Modification of India 92 5.7 The Child Labour Act 93 5.8 The Politics of Globalisation 93 5.9 Children’s Agency 94 5.10 Social Restructuring 95 References 96 Chapter 6: Children Without Childhood? Against the Postcolonial Capture of Childhoods in the Global South 98 6.1 What Are Postcolonial Theories? 99 6.2 Why Postcolonial Perspectives? 104 6.3 Colonisation of Childhood? 107 6.4 Postcolonial Childhood Policies 108 6.5 Conclusion 112 References 113 Chapter 7: Children Out of Place and Their Unwritten Rights 117 7.1 Introduction 117 7.1.1 Rights: Felt, Experienced and Mentioned, Although Unwritten 117 7.1.1.1 Practical and Conceptual Tensions 118 7.1.1.2 Hegemonic Legal Thought as a Euphemism 119 7.1.1.3 The Unwritten Rights of the Out of Place Childhood: Six Components 119 7.1.2 Not in Accordance with the Existing Law or Rule, but in Accordance with Rights 121 7.1.2.1 In the Frame of a Convention 138 with a Clear Guidance Character for NNATs 121 7.1.2.2 The Code of Bolivia: The Threat that the Prairie May Ignite 122 7.1.2.3 Bolivia or the Urgency of a New Common Sense 122 7.1.2.4 An Invitation to Continue Building a Post-Abysmal Thought 123 7.1.3 Not Only Minimum Age But Right to Work 124 7.1.3.1 The Discriminatory Treatment, Component of the Cynical and Indolent Reason 124 7.1.3.2 From the Suffering Experience of Denial to the Conquest of Dignity 124 7.1.3.3 From the Exploitation of Boys and Girls at Work to the Incompatibility Between Childhood and Work 125 7.1.3.4 Boys and Girls: Subjects of the Right to Work? 126 7.1.3.5 Work Is Also a Human Right of Boys and Girls 126 7.1.3.6 The Need for an Approach for the ‘Critical Appraisal of Work’ 128 7.1.4 Customary Law as a Way of Life 129 7.1.4.1 The ‘Bolivian Case’: Something More Than a Minimum Age Problem 129 7.1.4.2 Eradicating the Work of Indigenous and Rural Children 130 7.1.4.3 Globalised Educational and Communicational Systems at the Service of the New Civilisation Project 130 7.1.4.4 Not Only Respect for Customary Law But to the Way of Life 131 7.1.5 To Continue Wishing and Thinking 131 7.1.5.1 Assure Emancipatory Meanings to Empty Signifiers 131 7.1.5.2 Strengthen Critical Thinking Given the Complexity of the NNAT World 131 7.1.5.3 The Subjectivities: As the Field of the Unwritten Law 132 7.1.5.4 Work or School Versus Work and Community 132 7.1.5.5 On Behalf of the Best Interest of the Child Abolish Convention 138 132 7.1.5.6 The NNATs of Bolivia and the International Social Movement of NNATs in Future Scenarios 133 References 134 Chapter 8: Other Children, Other Youth: Against Eurocentrism in Childhood and Youth Research 136 8.1 International Orientation 137 8.2 Out of Place? 140 8.3 Other Children 142 8.4 Other Youth 144 8.5 Other Perspectives 148 References 150 Chapter 9: Understanding Children’s Sexual Exploitation and Protecting Human Rights 154 9.1 Defining Children Sexual Exploitation 155 9.2 Social Constructions of Childhood and Cultural Sensitivity 158 9.3 Power and Sexual Exploitation 161 9.4 A Robust Ethic of Responsibility 162 9.5 Advocacy and Dominant Discourses 166 9.6 Children Are the Main Resource: Agency and Participation 167 9.7 Conclusion 171 References 172 Chapter 10: Children’s Rights to Participation: ‘Out of Place’ or ‘In Context’? 174 10.1 Introduction 174 10.2 ‘Norwegian Centre for Child Research Is My Second Home’: Placing Child Research on the International Agenda 176 10.3 Children Out of Place 176 10.3.1 Orphans and Economic Dependency: The Importance of Socioeconomic Structures 177 10.3.2 ‘The Right to Be Properly Researched’: Doing Research with Children 177 10.4 Children’s Participation and Child-Led Advocacy: Out of Place? 179 10.5 Children’s Agency and Participation Rights: ‘In Context’ 182 10.6 Children’s Rights and Child-Led Advocacy in the Era of Globalisation: Concluding Discussions 184 References 186 Chapter 11: Judith Ennew and the Knowing Children Project 188 11.1 Introduction 188 11.2 What Was Knowing Children?: Its Aims, Ideas and Achievements 190 11.3 Research with Groups of Marginalised Children in Southeast Asia 194 11.3.1 Research Projects in Thailand 194 11.3.1.1 Launch of a Karen Language Version of the CRC at Mae La Refugee Camp, North Thailand (25 November 2006) 194 11.3.1.2 Inter-agency Working Group on Children’s Participation (IAWGCP) 195 11.3.1.3 Everyday Fears (2006–2008) 195 11.3.1.4 Models of Learning Attitudes to HIV/AIDS and Safe Migration (2008) 196 11.3.1.5 Thematic Paper on the Exploitation of Children in Prostitution (2008) 197 11.3.1.6 Children’s Citizenship and Problems of Statelessness: The ‘This Is Who I Am’ Project 199 11.3.2 Projects in Malaysia 200 11.3.2.1 Most-at-Risk Children’s Perceptions of Their Lives: A Comparative Study of Migrant and Nonmigrant Children in Central Kuala Lumpur (2010) 200 11.3.2.2 Sabah Trip Report (2011) [Stakeholder Mapping for a Planned Second Pilot Project for TIWIA with Undocumented Children in Sabah] 201 11.3.2.3 Children in Malaysia. Voicing Out About Our Rights. Will You Listen? (2013) (Fig. 11.3) 202 11.3.2.4 Children’s Perceptions of Health, Food and Activity in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore (2012–2013) 204 11.3.2.5 A Housing Estate Seen Through Children’s Eyes: Recommendations for Child-Friendly Low-Cost Urban Living (2013) 204 11.3.2.6 The Mousedeer Organisation for Children’s Rights 205 11.4 Conclusion 207 References 210 Chapter 12: Children, Spirituality, Human Rights and Spiritual Abuse 213 12.1 Introduction: Struck by Lightning 213 12.2 Against Their Will 218 12.2.1 Belief, Baptism and the ‘Great Commission’ 218 12.2.2 The Right to Choose 220 12.2.3 Spiritual Rights 222 12.2.4 Spiritual Abuse? 223 12.2.5 Summing Up 224 References 226 Further Reading 226 Reference for Section “Introduction: Struck by Lightning” 226 Chapter 13: The Methodology and Ethics of Rights-Based Research with Children 227 13.1 Structures of Subordination and Age-Based Inequality 228 13.2 Socialisation and the Construction of Power Hierarchies 230 13.3 Confronting Power Relations in Research with Children 232 13.4 The Relevance of Human Rights to Research with Children 235 13.5 The Right to be Properly Researched 238 13.6 Ethical Behaviour 240 13.7 Appropriate Methodology and Scientific Method 242 13.8 A Remarkable Contribution 244 References 245 Chapter 14: Unfinished, with so Much Left to Do, Judith Ennew’s Legacy 248 14.1 Children as Subjects of Human Rights 250 14.2 Moving Between Local and Global: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches 251 14.3 An Agenda for a Rights-Based, Scientifically Robust and Ethical Research 257 14.4 Post Scriptum: The Unwritten ‘Right to Work and Do so in Fair Conditions and for Fair Wages’ 262 References 267 Judith Ennew: Bibliography 270 Index 280 Front Matter....Pages i-xxi Introduction....Pages 1-7 The 3Ps of Judith Ennew: Person, Philosophy and Pragmatism....Pages 9-22 The Greatest Violation of Children’s Rights Is That We Do Not Know Enough About Their Lives or Care Enough to Find Out More....Pages 23-49 Thinking About Street Children and Orphans in Africa: Beyond Survival....Pages 51-62 Working Children in an Increasingly Hostile World....Pages 63-77 Children Without Childhood? Against the Postcolonial Capture of Childhoods in the Global South....Pages 79-97 Children Out of Place and Their Unwritten Rights....Pages 99-117 Other Children, Other Youth: Against Eurocentrism in Childhood and Youth Research....Pages 119-136 Understanding Children’s Sexual Exploitation and Protecting Human Rights....Pages 137-156 Children’s Rights to Participation: ‘Out of Place’ or ‘In Context’?....Pages 157-170 Judith Ennew and the Knowing Children Project....Pages 171-195 Children, Spirituality, Human Rights and Spiritual Abuse....Pages 197-210 The Methodology and Ethics of Rights-Based Research with Children....Pages 211-231 Unfinished, with so Much Left to Do, Judith Ennew’s Legacy....Pages 233-254 Back Matter....Pages 255-267