Children - new perspectives : Child welfare in England 1872 -1989

This work is concerned with the history of social policy and child welfare from the 1870s to the present. It offers a full narrative of the development of social services for children, covering a range of topics including infant life protection and welfare, sexuality, child guidance, medical treatment, war-time evacuation, and child poverty. Equally importantly, the book studies the attitudes of policy-makers towards children. It reveals the way in which children have been viewed both as victims of, and threats to, the society in which they are living. BOOK COVER......Page 1 TITLE......Page 3 COPYRIGHT......Page 4 DEDICATION......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 13 BODIES......Page 15 MINDS (and Bodies)......Page 18 THE NARRATIVE OF VICTIMS/THREATS......Page 21 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODIES AND MINDS/VICTIMS AND THREATS......Page 25 INVESTMENTS......Page 27 Part I THE EMERGENCE OF THE CHILD c.1800–94......Page 29 INTRODUCTION......Page 30 PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS OF CHILDHOOD: THE ‘NATURAL’, THE ROMANTIC AND THE EVANGELICAL......Page 32 THE FACTORY CHILD......Page 35 THE DELINQUENT CHILD......Page 37 THE SCHOOL CHILD......Page 40 THE CHILD STUDY MOVEMENT......Page 43 CONCLUSION......Page 47 Part II FROM RESCUE AND REFORM TO ‘CHILDREN OF THE NATION’ c.1872–1918......Page 49 INTRODUCTION......Page 50 THE INFANT LIFE PROTECTION MOVEMENT......Page 52 Doctors and baby-farmers......Page 54 The Infant Life Protection Acts, 1872 and 1897......Page 55 Infant life protection in the Children Act, 1908......Page 57 The founding of the NSPCC......Page 58 The passing of the Children’s Charter......Page 61 ‘Practice and experience’......Page 64 The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1885......Page 68 The Punishment of Incest Act, 1908......Page 72 The reformers’ critique......Page 75 The Government’s response......Page 77 Child labour and medical opinion......Page 78 Assessing the debates......Page 80 Poor Law children......Page 81 The voluntary societies......Page 85 Child emigration......Page 87 3 THE SOCIAL SERVICES STATE......Page 90 THE BLIND, THE DEAF, AND THE ‘FEEBLE-MINDED’......Page 91 Legislation for the ‘defective’ child......Page 94 Feeble-mindedness as an issue......Page 96 Understanding the problem......Page 99 Responding to the problem......Page 101 Health visitors......Page 102 Infant welfare schemes......Page 103 Infant welfare as a state social service......Page 105 The war years......Page 106 THE SCHOOL MEALS SERVICE......Page 108 Early efforts......Page 109 The debate......Page 110 The Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906, and its administration......Page 112 Consequences......Page 115 Origins......Page 116 The Education (Administrative Provisions) Act, 1907......Page 118 Medical treatment and the school clinic......Page 120 Payment......Page 123 The School Medical Service, 1914–18......Page 124 THE CHILDREN ACT, 1908......Page 125 CONCLUSION......Page 130 Part III MINDS AND BODIES......Page 132 INTRODUCTION......Page 133 The 1920s......Page 135 The 1930s......Page 137 School meals......Page 141 MEDICAL TREATMENT......Page 143 Infants and pre-school children......Page 145 THE HANDICAPPED CHILD......Page 147 5 PSYCHOLOGISING THE CHILD......Page 150 PSYCHOLOGY AND PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION......Page 151 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL TESTING......Page 154 The rising demand for secondary education......Page 156 The need for a ‘pocket rule’......Page 158 The extent of testing and its significance......Page 160 The meritocratic ideal......Page 161 THE CHILD GUIDANCE MOVEMENT......Page 162 Sources and origins......Page 163 The Child Guidance Council......Page 165 The psychiatric influence......Page 167 The clinics and their patients......Page 168 Principles of treatment......Page 169 The jurisdiction of the clinics......Page 171 Child guidance, the Feversham Committee and the war......Page 172 CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY......Page 177 THE JUVENILE OFFENDERS COMMITTEE, 1927......Page 178 THE SCOPE OF THE ACT......Page 183 THE MEANING OF THE LEGISLATION......Page 185 YOUNG PEOPLE’S INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES......Page 187 EVACUATION......Page 193 SCHOOL MEALS......Page 198 HEALTH AND WELFARE UNDER THE EDUCATION ACT, 1944......Page 199 CONCLUSION......Page 201 Part IV CHILDREN OF THE WELFARE STATE 1945–89......Page 206 INTRODUCTION......Page 207 THE CURTIS REPORT, 1946......Page 210 THE CHILDREN ACT, 1948......Page 213 THE CHILDREN ACT, THE FAMILY AND THE STATE......Page 216 DEPRIVATION AND DEPRAVATION: INGLEBY AND THE FAMILY......Page 217 The Ingleby Report, 1960......Page 219 Ingleby and the welfare model......Page 220 The 1963 Act......Page 222 The crisis......Page 224 The Children and Young Persons Act, 1969......Page 226 THE ‘FAMILY SERVICE’ IN THE COMMUNITY, 1970–5......Page 230 FOSTERING, ADOPTION AND THE CHILDREN ACT, 1975......Page 232 The Houghton Report, 1972......Page 234 9 THE REDISCOVERY OF CHILD ABUSE......Page 237 THE DISCOVERY OF THE ‘BATTERED BABY’......Page 238 MARIA COLWELL: CHILD ABUSE COMES OF AGE......Page 241 THE HIATUS OF CONCERN FOR ABUSED CHILDREN BETWEEN 1908 AND THE 1960s......Page 244 THE REDISCOVERY OF CHILD ABUSE......Page 247 Concepts of child abuse......Page 248 THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN IN HOSPITAL......Page 253 ‘FIT FOR THE FUTURE’: THE CHILD HEATH SERVICES......Page 258 THE BLACK REPORT AND THE HEALTH DIVIDE......Page 261 The legacy of the 1970s......Page 266 The 1980s......Page 267 THE CHILDREN ACT, 1989......Page 270 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACT......Page 274 CONCLUSION......Page 278 JUSTIFICATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 282 NOTES AND REFERENCES......Page 285 PART I THE EMERGENCE OF THE CHILD, c.1800–1894......Page 287 PART II FROM RESCUE AND REFORM TO ‘CHILDREN OF THE NATION’, c.1872–1918......Page 290 PART III MINDS AND BODIES: CONTRADICTION, TENSION AND INTEGRATION 1918–45......Page 302 PART IV CHILDREN OF THE WELFARE STATE, 1945–89......Page 313 PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS AND OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS......Page 326 NON-GOVERNMENTAL REPORTS, PROCEEDINGS, ETC.......Page 327 BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS......Page 328 ARTICLES AND ESSAYS IN SYMPOSIA......Page 336 UNPUBLISHED THESES......Page 341 INDEX......Page 343 "Child Welfare is the first comprehensive text on social policy and child welfare. Children are all too often marginalised in accounts of the development of the welfare state, and the manner in which legislation has affected their lives is often ignored. This book provides an integrated study of children and social policy in England since the 1870s." "Harry Hendrick provides a full narrative of the history of child welfare, moving through the numerous reform campaigns and legislative Acts concerning, amongst other issues, infant life protection, sexuality, child guidance, medical treatment, nutrition, juvenile delinquency, adoption and 'children in need'. On another level, the book looks at the attitudes of the policy-makers towards children from within an interpretive framework of the socio-medical and the legal. This raises questions about the nature of age relations and the extent to which children have been exploited by adults for social, economic and political ends. Hendrick reveals the way in which children have been viewed as threats to, as well as victims of, the society in which they lived, and considers the consequences of various policies for child welfare." "Child Welfare will appeal to undergraduate students of history, social policy, education and welfare law. It will also be a useful reference work for lecturers and postgraduates."--Jacket Child Welfare 1872-1989 is the first comprehensive book on the history of social policy and child welfare from the 1870s to the present. It offers a full narrative of the development of social services for children, covering a range of topics including infant life protection and welfare, sexuality, child guidance, medical treatment, war time evacuation, and child poverty. Equally importantly the book studies the attitudes to policy-makers towards children. It reveals the way in which children have been viewed both as victims of and threats to the society in which they lived.