Childhood Obesity: Contemporary Issues (Society for the Study of Human Biology)

The consequences of childhood obesity are serious and far reaching, with both physical and psychological components that add to its complexity. Childhood Obesity: Contemporary Issues provides an up-to-date account of the increase of obesity in children, its causes, and its prevention. The expert editorial panel has chosen contributors with considerable practical and research experience. They explore why childhood obesity is so difficult to prevent and treat. Focusing less on clinical issues and more on environmental factors, the book brings together social, psychological, biological, and socio-biological approaches to the experience and problem of obesity. Delineating the scope and impact of childhood obesity, the book provides a unique view of the obese child. It examines the link between food intake and physical activity, which are the immediate determinants of energy balance, and discusses how to measure and assess them. The World Health Organization describes obesity as one of today's most blatantly visible - yet most neglected - public health problems. This book highlights obesity in children and discusses the need to develop multifactorial and multi-agency strategic plans to contain this epidemic. Contents......Page 8 List of Illustr ations......Page 10 List of Tables......Page 14 Contributors......Page 16 Introduction......Page 20 The Scope and Impact of Childhood Obesity......Page 22 The Role of Biological and Social Processes in the Etiology of Childhood Obesity......Page 24 The Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 25 REFERENCES......Page 29 Assessing the Scope and Impact of Childhood Obesity......Page 30 Introduction......Page 32 Definition and Assessment......Page 33 Changes in Prevalence over Time......Page 36 Prediction of Future Obesity......Page 37 References......Page 39 Global Perspectives on Adolescent Obesity......Page 42 Shifts in Adult Obesity Are Occurring Across the Globe......Page 43 The Burden of Obesity Has Shifted to the Poor......Page 44 Adolescent Obesity Trends......Page 46 Shifts in Age-Specific Time Trends......Page 48 U.S. Case Study - Insights into Current Dynamics in the Higher-Income World......Page 49 REFERENCES......Page 51 A Brief Review of the Health Consequences of Childhood Obesity......Page 54 Increasing Insulin Resistance......Page 55 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 56 Cardiovascular Risks in Association With Obesity......Page 57 Respiratory Disease......Page 58 Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 59 Psychological Problems......Page 60 Mortality......Page 61 Conclusion......Page 62 References......Page 63 Social and Self-Perception of Obese Children and Adolescents......Page 68 Obesity and Global self-esteem......Page 69 Perceived self-competence......Page 70 The social basis of self-esteem......Page 71 Sociometer Theory......Page 72 The Impact of Victimization......Page 73 Self-Esteem Changes......Page 74 Cognitive Changes......Page 75 Conclusions......Page 76 Improving Self-Esteem?......Page 77 References......Page 78 Self-Perceptions and Physical Activity Behavior of Obese Young People......Page 80 Introduction......Page 81 Methods......Page 82 What Are the Physical Activity Experiences of These Obese Young People?......Page 83 How is the Physical Self Related to Physical Activity Behavior?......Page 86 Ways to Enhance Self-Perceptions Through Physical Activity......Page 88 Ways to Enhance Weight Management......Page 89 References......Page 90 Introduction......Page 94 Methodology......Page 95 Analysis......Page 96 Results......Page 97 Discussion......Page 104 REFERENCES......Page 106 The Role of Biological and Social Processes in the Aetiology of Childhood Obesity......Page 108 Introduction......Page 110 Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Obesity......Page 114 Birth Cohorts......Page 116 The Challenges of Birth Cohorts......Page 120 Acknowledgments......Page 123 References......Page 124 Biobehavioral Determinants of Energy Intake and Childhood Obesity......Page 130 Food Intakes......Page 131 Energy Density......Page 133 How Well Do Children Respond to the ED of Foods?......Page 135 Sugar......Page 136 Sugars vs. complex carbohydrates......Page 137 Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates......Page 138 Eating Patterns......Page 139 Meal Frequency......Page 140 Portion Sizes......Page 141 Conclusions......Page 142 References......Page 143 INTRODUCTION......Page 148 Objective Measurement of Children’s Activity......Page 149 Profiling of Children’s Physical Activity......Page 150 Physical Activity Within the School Environment......Page 151 How Physically Active Are Obese Children?......Page 153 Active Travel and Physical Activity Patterns......Page 158 Children’s Physical Activity and Health......Page 159 Conclusion......Page 160 REFERENCES......Page 161 Interactions Among Physical Activity, Food Choice, and Appetite Control: Health Messages in Physical Activity and Diet......Page 164 Physical Activity and Appetite: Possible Scenarios......Page 165 The Effect of Increased Physical Activity on Energy Intake......Page 166 Why Is Exercise Not Always Successful at Inducing Weight Loss?......Page 167 How Does Sedentariness Affect Energy Intake?......Page 169 Individual Differences in the Reward Sensitivity to Food and Exercise......Page 170 Does Physical Activity Affect Appetite Sensitivity?......Page 172 Summary......Page 173 References......Page 174 Introduction......Page 178 Association between Size at Birth and Adult Disease......Page 179 Size at Birth and Early Postnatal Weight Gain......Page 180 Thrifty Genotypes and Obesity Risk......Page 183 Interaction between Phenotype, Genotype, and Obesity Risk......Page 185 Relevance of Perinatal Factors to the Current Increase in Childhood Obesity......Page 187 REFERENCES......Page 188 Childhood Predictors of BMI Tr ajectories......Page 194 1958 British Birth Cohort......Page 195 Predictors and Potential Confounding Factors......Page 196 Statistical Methods......Page 197 Findings......Page 198 Social Class......Page 199 Parental BMI......Page 203 Birth Weight......Page 204 BMI at Age 7 and 11 Years......Page 205 Puberty......Page 206 Discussion......Page 211 References......Page 214 The Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 218 Childhood Obesity in the Community: Treatment, Prevention, and Monitoring of Childhood Obesity in Leeds, U.K.......Page 220 Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 221 The WATCH IT Clinics......Page 222 Prevention of Childhood Obesity......Page 224 The APPLES Program......Page 225 Monitoring the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity......Page 231 The TRENDS Project......Page 232 REFERENCES......Page 233 Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence: A Review of Systematic Reviews......Page 234 Introduction......Page 235 Quality and Quantity of Evidence......Page 236 Other Requirements of the Optimal Evidence Base......Page 237 Main Conclusions of the Reviews......Page 238 Implications of Present Review......Page 242 Ongoing Interventions and Behavioral Targets......Page 243 Methodological Issues in Intervention Studies......Page 245 When to Intervene for Obesity Prevention?......Page 246 References......Page 248 The Barriers to, and the Facilitators of, Healthy Eating Among Children: Findings from a Systematic Review......Page 252 Introduction......Page 253 Methods......Page 254 Results: “Quantitative” Synthesis of Trials (Statistical Meta-Analysis)......Page 256 Can Interventions Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption?......Page 258 Results: “Qualitative” Synthesis of “Views” Studies......Page 259 Children Do not See it as Their Role to be Interested in Health (Theme 1)......Page 264 Future Health Consequences (Theme 2)......Page 265 Children Exercise Choices (Theme 4)......Page 266 Results: Integrating “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” Syntheses......Page 267 Discussion: “Quantitative” Synthesis of Trials......Page 270 Discussion: “Qualitative” Synthesis of “Views” Studies......Page 271 Discussion: Integrating “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” Syntheses......Page 272 Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research......Page 273 Conclusions......Page 274 REFERENCES......Page 275 Does Food Promotion Influence Children’s Diet? A Review of the Evidence......Page 280 Introduction......Page 281 Preliminary Literature Search and Development of Review Protocol......Page 282 Second-Stage Relevance and Quality Assessment......Page 284 What Food Items are Being Promoted to Children?......Page 285 Is There a Causal Link Between Food Promotion and Children’s Food Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior?......Page 286 Implications for Obesity Prevention......Page 291 REFERENCES......Page 292 Index......Page 296 Focusing Less On Clinical Issues And More On Environmental Factors, This Book Brings Together Social, Psychological, Biological, And Socio-biological Approaches To The Experience And Problem Of Obesity. Delineating The Scope And Impact Of Childhood Obesity, The Book Provides A Unique View Of The Obese Child. It Examines The Link Between Food Intake And Physical Activity, Which Are The Immediate Determinants Of Energy Balance, And Discusses How To Measure And Assess Them. The World Health Organization Describes Obesity As One Of Today's Most Blatantly Visible - Yet Most Neglected - Public Health Problems. This Book Highlights Obesity In Children And Discusses The Need To Develop Multifactorial And Multi-agency Strategic Plans To Contain This Epidemic.--jacket. 1. Childhood Obesity : Assessment And Prevalence / Tim J. Cole -- 2. Global Perspectives On Adolescent Obesity / Penny Gordon-larsen And Barry M. Popkin -- 3. A Brief Review Of The Health Consequences Of Childhood Obesity / Fiona Regan And Peter Betts -- 4. Social And Self-perception Of Obese Children And Adolescents / Andrew Hill -- 5. Self-perceptions And Physical Activity Behavior Of Obese Young People / Lucy Foster And Angie Page -- 6. What's It Like Being The Parent Of An Overweight Child? / Laurel Edmunds -- 7. The Value Of Birth Cohorts In The Study Of Childhood Obesity / Andy Ness -- 8. Biobehavioral Determinants Of Energy Intake And Childhood Obesity / M.b.e. Livingstone And K.l. Rennie. Edited By N. Cameron, N. G. Norgan, And G.t.h. Ellison. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.