شیمی، طراحی فرآیند و ایمنی در صنعت نیترات‌سازی (مجموعه سمپوزیوم‌های ACS)

This is the third ACS Symposium Series book dealing with nitration, the first two having been published in 1976 and 1996. The nature of this 2013 publication reflects the changes worldwide in process safety management, and geographies of research and manufacturing. The contributions to this book were first presented at the 243rd ACS National Meeting in San Diego, California in March of 2012, in the Industrial and Chemical Engineering Division. Several of the chapters deal with the burgeoning capacity increases in the polyurethane industry, requiring improved methods to nitrate benzene and toluene, to ultimately produce MDI and TDI. Methods to manage waste streams from these nitrations plants are also discussed. There are several chapters on process safety that discuss accident investigation, process redesign, and sensitivity testing of energetic material. Hazards of laboratory and pilot plant nitration studies are addressed. Several of the papers describe considerations which must be taken into account when analyzing nitration reaction samples. These chapters represent practical application of known principles and concepts. Some of the chapters read more like a tutorial than a scientific paper. Those new to nitration will benefit the most from reading this book, but it will serve to remind the experienced of factors to consider when operating a nitration facility Content: James Dodgen 1921-2010 Chester Grelecki 1927-2007 Preface 1. The Adiabatic Mononitrobenzene Process from the Bench Scale in 1974 to a Total World Capacity Approaching 10 Million MTPY in 2012 Alfred Guenkel 2. Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Formation of Byproducts in the Adiabatic Mononitration of Benzene into Mononitrobenzene (MNB) Sergio Berretta and Brian Louie 3. Adiabatic Nitration for Mononitrotoluene (MNT) Production M. Gattrell and B. Louie 4. Nitrophenolic By-Products Quantification in the Continuous Benzene Nitration Process Tiago J. G. Costa, Anabela G. Nogueira, Dulce C. M. Silva, Alejandro F. G. Ribeiro, and Cristina M. S. G. Baptista 5. Improved Processes for the Recovery of Nitric and Sulfuric Acids from Nitration Plants Manfred Pertler, Gottfried Dichtl, Ulrich Walter, Theo Hessenius, and Joachim Korbach 6. Nitration Technology for Aromatics As Described in the Patent Literature Johannes Duehr 7. Advances in Water Treatment of Effluents fromMononitrobenzene (MNB) Production Facilities Steven Buchi, Sergio Berretta, and Tony Boyd 8. Incorporation of Oxidation Enhancement through Hydrogen Peroxide Addition into a Tested Mass Transfer/Reaction Model for an Industrial NOx Absorption Process Kyle G. Loutet, Andres Mahecha-Botero, Tony Boyd, Steven Buchi, and Clive M. H. Brereton 9. Bench-Scale and Pilot Plant Nitration Experiments-Practical Considerations Evan Hobenshield 10. Assessment of Chemical Reactivity Hazards for Nitration Reactions and Decomposition of Nitro-Compounds Robert W. Trebilcock and Seshu Dharmavaram 11. Safety Instrumented Systems for Process Safety Subodh Medhekar 12. Lessons Learned from an Explosion in an Ammonium Nitrate Neutralizer Roland Huet and Lawrence E. Eiselstein 13. Process Design and Operational Controls To Safeguard Strong Nitric Acid Recovery Systems Thomas L. Guggenheim, Roy R. Odle, and John Pace 14. Solubility, Equilibrium, Behavior, and Analytical Characterization of Tetranitromethane, Trinitromethane, Methyl Amine, and Ammonia in a Nitration Facility Roy R. Odle, Thomas L. Guggenheim, and L. Mark DeLong 15. Redesign for Safe Operation of a Nitric Acid Recovery Unit John Pace and Colin Evans 16. Materials Challenges in Strong Nitric and Sulfuric Acid Service L. Mark L. Delong Editor's Biography Indexes Author Index Subject Index title 1 preface 6 editor's biographies 11 1 - The Adiabatic Mononitrobenzene Process from the Bench Scale in 1974 to a Total World Capacity Approaching 10 Million MTPY in 2012 12 2 - Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Formation of Byproducts in the Adiabatic Mononitration of Benzene into Mononitrobenzene (MNB) 23 3 - Adiabatic Nitration for Mononitrotoluene (MNT) Production 37 4 - Nitrophenolic By-Products Quantification in the Continuous Benzene Nitration Process 59 5 - Improved Processes for the Recovery of Nitric and Sulfuric Acids from Nitration Plants 71 6 - Nitration Technology for Aromatics As Described in the Patent Literature 81 7 - Advances in Water Treatment of Effluents from Mononitrobenzene (MNB) Production Facilities 93 8 - Incorporation of Oxidation Enhancement through Hydrogen Peroxide Addition into a Tested Mass Transfer/Reaction Model for an Industrial NOx Absorption Process 105 9 - Bench-Scale and Pilot Plant Nitration Experiments – Practical Considerations 116 10 - Assessment of Chemical Reactivity Hazards for Nitration Reactions and Decomposition of Nitro-Compounds 130 11 - Safety Instrumented Systems for Process Safety 149 12 - Lessons Learned from an Explosion in an Ammonium Nitrate Neutralizer 178 13 - Process Design and Operational Controls To Safeguard Strong Nitric Acid Recovery Systems 192 14 - Solubility, Equilibrium, Behavior, and Analytical Characterization of Tetranitromethane, Trinitromethane, Methyl Amine, and Ammonia in a Nitration Facility 210 15 - Redesign for Safe Operation of a Nitric Acid Recovery Unit 236 16 - Materials Challenges in Strong Nitric and Sulfuric Acid Service 251 index 261