Chemistry Of Nanocrystalline Oxide Materials: Combustion Synthesis, Properties And Applications Combustion Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Nano-oxide materials lend themselves to applications in a wide variety of emerging technological fields such as microelectronics, catalysts, ceramics, coatings, and energy storage. However, developing new routes for making nano-based materials is a challenging area for solid-state materials chemists. This book does just that by describing a novel method for preparing them. The authors have developed a novel low-temperature, self-propagating synthetic route to nano-oxides by the solution combustion and combustible precursor processes. This method provides the desired composition, structure, and properties for many types of technologically useful nanocrystalline oxide materials like alumina, ceria, iron oxides, titania, yttria, and zirconia, among others.The book is particularly instructive in bringing readers one step closer to the exploration of nanomaterials. Students of nanoscience can acquaint themselves with the actual production and evaluation of nanopowders by this route, while academic researchers and industrial scientists will find answers to a host of questions on nano-oxides. The book also provides an impetus for scientists in industrial research to evaluate and explore new ways to scale up the production of nanomaterials, offering helpful suggestions for further research. Contents......Page 8 Foreword......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 1.1 General......Page 18 1.2 Preparative Methods......Page 20 1.3 Scope of the Book......Page 22 References......Page 24 2.1 Introduction......Page 26 2.2 Combustible Metal Hydrazine and Metal Hydrazine Carboxylate Complexes......Page 28 2.3 Preparation of Metal Formate, Acetate, Oxalate, and Hydrazine Carboxylates......Page 31 2.3.1 Thermal Analysis and Combustion of Metal Hydrazine Carboxylates......Page 33 2.4 Mixed Metal Oxides......Page 43 2.4.2 Mixed Metal Oxalate Hydrazinates: Precursors to Spinel Ferrites......Page 44 2.5.1 Mixed Metal Hydrazinium Hydrazine Carboxylates: Precursors to Nano-Cobaltites and Ferrites......Page 47 2.5.2 Mixed Metal Hydrazinium Hydrazine Carboxylates: Precursors to Mixed Ferrites......Page 52 2.5.3 Mixed Metal Hydrazinium Hydrazine Carboxylates: Precursors to Manganites......Page 54 References......Page 55 3.1 Introduction......Page 59 3.2 Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS)......Page 60 3.2.1 Synthesis of Alumina......Page 62 3.2.2 Mechanism of Aluminum Nitrate — Urea Combustion Reaction......Page 63 3.2.3 Thermodynamic Calculation......Page 65 3.3 Role of Fuels......Page 66 3.4 A Recipe for the Synthesis of Various Classes of Oxides......Page 70 3.4.1 Recipe for Nanomaterials......Page 73 3.5 Salient Features of Solution Combustion Method......Page 75 References......Page 76 4.1 Introduction......Page 78 4.2 Alumina and Related Oxide Materials......Page 79 4.3 α-Alumina......Page 82 4.4 Metal Aluminates (MAl2O4)......Page 85 4.5 Rare Earth Orthoaluminates (LnAlO3)......Page 90 4.6 Garnets......Page 91 4.7 Aluminum Borate......Page 95 4.8 Tialite (β-Al2TiO5)......Page 97 4.9 Aluminum Phosphate......Page 100 4.10 Alumina Composites......Page 101 4.10.1 Al2O3 · SiO2 System: Mullite......Page 102 4.10.2 Al2O3 · SiO2 System: Cordierite......Page 104 4.10.3 Al2O3 · Si3N4 System: SiAlON......Page 108 4.11 Alumina Nanocomposites......Page 110 4.11.1 Nanocatalysts,Dispersion ofNano-metals (Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt) in Al2O3......Page 111 4.12.1 Cobalt-Based Blue Alumina and Aluminates......Page 116 4.12.2 Chromium-Doped Pink Alumina (Cr3+/Al2O3): Ruby......Page 121 4.12.3 Chromium-Doped Aluminates and Orthoaluminates (Cr3+/MAl2O4(M = Mg & Zn)) and LaAlO3)......Page 122 4.13 Nanophosphors......Page 123 4.13.1 Phosphor Materials (Luminescence in Aluminum Oxide Hosts)......Page 125 References......Page 131 5.1 Introduction......Page 134 5.2 Synthesis and Properties of Nano-Ceria......Page 136 5.3 Synthesis of Metal-Ion-Substituted Ceria......Page 138 5.4 Characterization of Metal-Ion-Substituted Ceria......Page 141 5.5 Oxygen Storage Materials......Page 149 5.6 Metal-Ion-Substituted Ceria as Nanocatalysts......Page 154 5.6.1 Ce1.xPdxO2.δ as a Three-Way Catalyst......Page 158 5.6.2 Ce1-xPtxO2-......Page 163 5.6.3 Ce1.xRhxO2.δ......Page 164 5.6.4 Bimetal Ionic Catalysts (Ce1.xPtx/2Rhx/2O2.δ)......Page 166 References......Page 168 6.1 Magnetic Materials......Page 171 6.2 γ-Fe2O3......Page 173 6.3 Spinel Ferrites (MFe2O4)......Page 175 6.4.1 Li–Zn Ferrites......Page 178 6.4.2 Mg–Zn Ferrites......Page 182 6.4.3 Ni–Zn Ferrites......Page 184 6.5 Rare Earth Orthoferrites......Page 187 6.6 Garnets (Ln3Fe5O12)......Page 188 6.7 Barium and Strontium Hexaferrites......Page 191 References......Page 194 7.1 Introduction......Page 196 7.2 Nano-TiO2 (Anatase)......Page 199 7.2.1 Synthesis and Properties of Nano-TiO2 (Anatase)......Page 200 7.3 Photocatalytic Properties of Nano-TiO2......Page 206 7.4.1 Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Ti1.xMxO2.δ (M = Ag, Ce, Cu, Fe, V,W, and Zr)......Page 214 7.4.2 Synthesis and Properties of Ti1.xPdxO2.δ......Page 216 7.4.3 Catalytic Properties of Ti1.xPdxO2.δ......Page 217 7.5 Titanates for NuclearWaste Immobilization......Page 220 7.5.1 Sintering and Microstructure Studies......Page 225 7.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 226 References......Page 227 8.1 Introduction......Page 229 8.2 Zirconia......Page 230 8.2.1 Preparation and Properties of ZrO2......Page 232 8.3 Stabilized Zirconia......Page 237 8.3.1 Magnesia-Stabilized Zirconia......Page 238 8.3.2 Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia......Page 240 8.3.3 Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ)......Page 242 8.3.4 Nickel in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (Ni–YSZ)......Page 244 8.4 Nano-Zirconia Pigments......Page 249 8.5 ZrO2–Al2O3 System: ZTA......Page 252 8.6 ZrO2–CeO2 System......Page 255 8.7 ZrO2–TiO2 System (ZrTiO4 and Zr5Ti7O24)......Page 259 8.8 ZrO2–Ln2O3 System: Pyrochlores......Page 262 8.9.1 MZr2P3O12(M = Na, K, 1/2 Ca, and 1/4 Zr) and NbZrP3O12......Page 264 8.9.2 NASICON (Na Superionic Conductor) Materials (Na1+xZr2P3-x SixO12)......Page 268 References......Page 271 9.2 Dielectric Materials......Page 273 9.2.1 MTiO3, MZrO3 (M =Ca, Sr, andBa)......Page 275 9.2.2 Lead-Based Dielectric Materials (PbTiO3, PbZrO3, PZT, and PLZT)......Page 276 9.3 Relaxor Materials (PFN, PMN, PNN, and PZN)......Page 282 9.4 Microwave Resonator Materials......Page 287 9.5 Preparation and Properties of LnMO3 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, andNi)......Page 293 9.6 Preparation and Properties of La1-x SrxMO3 (M = Mn and Fe)......Page 298 9.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 306 References......Page 307 10.1 Synthesis and Properties of Simple Oxides......Page 309 10.2 Metal Silicates......Page 312 10.3 Ceramic Pigments......Page 315 10.3.1 Borate Pigments......Page 316 10.3.2 Metal Chromite Pigments......Page 319 10.3.3 Silicate Pigments......Page 322 10.3.4 Ceria-Based Pigment — Ce1.xPrxO2.δ......Page 325 10.4 Eu3+-Ion-Doped Red Phosphors......Page 330 10.5 Metal Vanadates......Page 335 10.6 Rare Earth Metal Oxides (La2MO4)......Page 337 References......Page 344 A.1.1 Preparation of Titanyl Nitrate (TiO(NO3)2)......Page 347 A.2.1 Carbohydrazide (CH), CH6N4O......Page 348 A.2.4 N, N -Diformyl Hydrazine (DFH), C2H4N2O2......Page 349 A.2.7 3-Methyl Pyrazole 5-One (3MP5O), C4H6N2O......Page 350 References......Page 351 Index......Page 354 "The term, "Nanotechnology" was coined by a Japanese engineer, Nario Taniguchi in 1974. Eric Drexler in his book "Engines of Creations" published in 1986 envisaged the building of molecular machines by bringing atom by atom in a precise manner to make many simple desired systems. However, Drexler's dream continues to be implausible since the laws of chemistry do not easily allow this kind of assembly at the molecular level. The challenge facing nanotechnologists today is in designing fine grained structures, unlike biomolecular structures. A bigger confrontation is to merge the science intensive process with its engineering aspect. In this context the present book on Chemistry of Nanocrystalline Oxide Materials is a step closer to this challenge. It serves as a reference manual/monograph for the preparation of all types of oxides and is expected to be useful to students and researchers of nanomaterials alike. It also provides industrial units a unique opportunity to upscale this process into technology and exploit its myriad potential applications."--Jacket