Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides

The book presents a comprehensive, systematic and authoritative survey of information about a family of chemically related, but functionally diverse, naturally occurring polysaccharides- the (1-3)-glucans. International contributors describe the chemical and physicochemical properties of these glucans and their derivatives and the molecular biological and structural aspects of the enzymes involved in their formation and breakdown. A detailed analysis of their physiological roles in the various biological situations in which they are found will be provided. Additionally, evolutionary relationships among the family of these glucans will be described. * Topics of medical relevance include detailing the glucans' interactions with the immune system and research for cancer therapy applications* Web resource links allow scientists to explore additional beta glucan research* Separate indexes divided into Species and Subject for enhanced searchability Copyright ......Page 2 In Memoriam......Page 3 Acknowledgements......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 References......Page 10 References......Page 13 References......Page 55 Introduction......Page 128 Curdlan......Page 129 The crdR regulatory gene......Page 132 References......Page 127 Introduction......Page 160 Model Organisms......Page 162 Subcellular Localization of ?-Glucan Synthases and Preparation of Cell-Free Extracts......Page 163 Assay Conditions and Kinetic Parameters......Page 166 Divalent cations......Page 167 Nucleotides......Page 168 Activation by free and bound saccharides and requirement of a primer......Page 169 Other compounds affecting (1,3)-?-glucan synthase activities in vitro......Page 170 Purification of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthases......Page 171 Product Characterization......Page 173 Molecular Biology of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans......Page 175 Acknowledgement......Page 176 References......Page 177 Introduction......Page 186 Cell Walls and ?-glucans in Yeast......Page 187 Catalytic Subunit......Page 188 Regulatory Subunit......Page 190 Factors involved in the regulation of glucan synthase activity via Rho1p......Page 191 Transcriptional Regulation of the FKS Genes......Page 192 Movement of Fks1p in the Plasma Membrane......Page 193 Glucan Synthesis in Spore Formation......Page 194 Cell Wall Integrity Checkpoint in Yeast......Page 196 Cross Talk in the Regulation of Other Cell Wall Components......Page 197 Glucan Synthase Inhibitors......Page 198 Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-6)-?-Glucans......Page 199 References......Page 200 Introduction......Page 210 (1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes......Page 211 The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucan in Embryophytes......Page 212 The GSL Proteins......Page 213 The GSL Gene Family......Page 215 Functional Analysis of GSL Genes......Page 221 Biochemical Identification of GSL Proteins......Page 223 Callose Synthase Complexes......Page 225 Regulation of Callose Synthesis......Page 230 The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Chlorophytes......Page 236 The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Rhodophytes......Page 238 Acknowledgements......Page 239 References......Page 240 References......Page 253 I.A. Introduction......Page 306 I.B. General Structural Properties of (1,3)-?-Glucan-Binding Proteins......Page 307 I.C. (1,3)-?-Glucan Structure......Page 309 I.D.a CBM4......Page 311 I.D.b. CBM6......Page 314 I.D.c CBM11......Page 317 I.D.d CBM17 and CBM22......Page 318 I.D.f. CBM43......Page 321 I.E.a CBM13......Page 323 I.E.b. Immunostimulatory Proteins: CBM39, GH16s and Dectin-1......Page 324 I.E.c. Structural Comparison of Sequence-Unrelated CBM ?-Glucan Binding Sites......Page 326 I.F. Overview......Page 327 References......Page 328 References......Page 334 Introduction......Page 348 Callose Localization in Pd and Sieve Plates......Page 350 Pd Regulation by Callose Turnover......Page 353 Wound response: is callose an artifact?......Page 355 Other abiotical stresses induce Pd callose......Page 356 Sieve plate pore development......Page 357 Definitive and dormancy callose......Page 358 Herbivorous attack......Page 360 Viral infection......Page 361 References......Page 363 Introduction......Page 373 Overview of Microgamete Development......Page 374 Meiosis to cytokinesis (stages 3–5)......Page 377 Released microspore II to bicellular pollen grains I (stages 8–10)......Page 378 Progamic phase: Pollen germination and pollen tube growth......Page 379 Functions for Callose During Microgamete Development......Page 381 Role of Callose in the Special Cell Wall......Page 382 Callose and its Role during Cytokinesis......Page 384 Role of Callose in Post-Meiotic Male Gamete Development......Page 388 Overview of Megagamete Development......Page 390 Megagamete Development in Arabidopsis......Page 391 Callose in Apomictic Embryo Sacs......Page 395 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 396 Acknowledgements......Page 397 References......Page 398 References......Page 406 Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis)......Page 433 Callose in Plant–Fungi Interactions......Page 440 Callose in Plant–Bacteria Interactions......Page 445 Callose in Plant–virus Interactions......Page 447 Conclusions......Page 450 Acknowledgements......Page 451 References......Page 452 References......Page 470 References......Page 485 Introduction......Page 527 Occurrence......Page 528 Formation and Functional Roles......Page 531 Occurrence......Page 536 Adaptation to hypo-osmotic conditions......Page 537 Nodulation and N2-fixation......Page 538 Suppression of plant defence response......Page 540 Streptococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-b-Glucan......Page 542 References......Page 543 Introduction......Page 553 Euglenophyceae......Page 554 Haptophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae)......Page 557 Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)......Page 558 Chrysolaminarin......Page 559 Chrysophyceae (golden algae)......Page 564 Oomycota......Page 565 Mycolaminarin......Page 566 Cell wall polysaccharides......Page 567 Phaeophyceae (brown algae)......Page 568 Other classes......Page 571 References......Page 573 Fungal and Yeast (1,3)-?-Glucan Extracellular Polysaccharides......Page 586 (1,3)-?-Glucans in fungal cell walls......Page 587 Isolation of (1,3)-?-glucans from cell walls......Page 588 Structure and molecular organization of (1,3)-?-glucans in yeats and mould cell walls......Page 590 Structural variations......Page 595 Cell wall (1,3)-?-glucans and fungal taxonomy......Page 604 (1,3)-?-Glucans in Lichens......Page 605 Oomycete Cell Wall......Page 606 Storage (1,3)-?-glucans......Page 607 Conclusion......Page 608 Bibliography......Page 609 Introduction......Page 624 Fine Structure of (1,3;1,4)-?-D -Glucans......Page 627 Formation of Gel-Like Matrices in the Wall......Page 628 The effects of fine structure on biological function......Page 630 Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Plants and Other Taxa......Page 632 Lichens and Fungi......Page 633 Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Angiosperms......Page 635 Isolation and Analysis of the Walls of Specific Cell Types......Page 644 Location Using Immunocytochemistry......Page 645 Pearling and Chemical Analysis of Fractions......Page 646 Location of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Vegetative Organs of Poaceae......Page 637 Concentrations of (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucans in Whole Cereal Grains......Page 640 Effects of the Environment on (1,3;1,4)-? -Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains......Page 642 Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Cell Walls of Mature Grains......Page 643 Acknowledgements......Page 647 References......Page 648 References......Page 657 A......Page 666 B......Page 667 C......Page 669 E......Page 672 G......Page 673 L......Page 674 N......Page 675 P......Page 676 R......Page 677 S......Page 678 Y......Page 679 Z......Page 680 Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides presents a comprehensive, systematic and authoritative survey of information about a family of chemically related, but functionally diverse, naturally occurring polysaccharides--the (1-3)-glucans. International contributors describe the chemical and physicochemical properties of these glucans and their derivatives and the molecular biological and structural aspects of the enzymes involved in their formation and breakdown. A detailed analysis of their physiological roles in the various biological situations in which they are found will be provided. Additionally, evolutionary relationships among the family of these glucans will be described. Topics of medical relevance include detailing the glucans'interactions with the immune system and research for cancer therapy applications Web resource links allow scientists to explore additional beta glucan research Separate indexes divided into Species and Subject for enhanced searchability The book presents a comprehensive, systematic and authoritative survey of information about a family of chemically related, but functionally diverse, naturally occurring polysaccharides--the (1-3)-glucans. International contributors describe the chemical and physicochemical properties of these glucans and their derivatives and the molecular biological and structural aspects of the enzymes involved in their formation and breakdown. A detailed analysis of their physiological roles in the various biological situations in which they are found will be provided. Additionally, evolutionary relationships among the family of these glucans will be described.

* Topics of medical relevance include detailing the glucans' interactions with the immune system and research for cancer therapy applications
* Web resource links allow scientists to explore additional beta glucan research
* Separate indexes divided into Species and Subject for enhanced searchability