Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins

This book was developed from the proceedings of the first North American Tannin Conference held in Port. Angeles, Washington, August 1988. The objective of the conference was to bring together people with a common interest in condensed tannins and to promote interdisciplinary interactions that will lead to a better understanding of these important substances. Anot. her objective was the publicat. ion of this book because there has not been a monograph devoted to the chemistry and significance of tannins for several decades. The book is organized into sections dealing with the biosynthesis, structure, re­ actions, complexation with other biopolymers, biological significance, and use of tannins as specialty chemicals. The authors made a special attempt to focus on what we don't know as well as to provide a summary of what we do know in an effort to assist in planning future research. Our thanks go to the authors who so kindly contributed chapters and so pa­ tiently responded to our requests. We also thank Rylee Geboski and the Conference Assist. ance Staff, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, for their assistance in planning and conducting t. he conference, and Julia Wilson, Debbie Wolfe, Helen Coletka, and Nancy Greene of the Southern Forest Experiment Station, Pineville, Louisiana, who typed the chapt. ers. Linda Chalker-Scott was especially helpful in assisting us wit. h editing. Dick Hemingway is indebted t. o the staff of the Alexandria Forest. Front Matter....Pages i-xi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Hemlock and Spruce Tannins: An Odyssey....Pages 3-20 Front Matter....Pages 21-21 Tannins — Their Place in Plant Metabolism....Pages 23-46 The Enzymology of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis....Pages 47-70 Biogenesis of Condensed Tannins — An Overview....Pages 71-79 Front Matter....Pages 81-81 Structural Variations in Proanthocyanidins and Their Derivatives....Pages 83-107 Chemical Nature of Phlobaphenes....Pages 109-118 Conformational Analysis of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins....Pages 119-130 An Overview of Condensed Tannin Structure....Pages 131-136 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Chromatography of Proanthocyanidins....Pages 139-151 New NMR Experiments Applicable to Structure and Conformation Analysis....Pages 153-173 FAB-MS Applications in the Elucidation of Proanthocyanidin Structures....Pages 175-195 Analytical Methods: An Overview....Pages 197-202 Front Matter....Pages 203-203 MNDO Molecular Orbital Analyses of Models for Proanthocyanidin-Methylolphenol Reactions....Pages 205-226 Reactions at the A-ring of Proanthocyanidins....Pages 227-248 Chemistry of the Condensed Tannin B-ring....Pages 249-263 Reactions at the Interflavanoid Bond of Proanthocyanidins....Pages 265-283 Base-Catalyzed Pyran Rearrangements of Profisetinidins....Pages 285-298 Key Reactions in Developing Uses for Condensed Tannins: An Overview....Pages 299-304 Front Matter....Pages 305-305 Carbohydrate — Polyphenol Complexation....Pages 307-322 Chemistry of Tannin-Protein Complexation....Pages 323-333 Front Matter....Pages 305-305 Interaction of Condensed Tannins with Biopolymers....Pages 335-341 Front Matter....Pages 343-343 Microscopic Studies of Tannin Formation and Distribution in Plant Tissues....Pages 345-368 Condensed Tannins in Southern Pines and Their Interactions with the Ecosystem....Pages 369-390 Effects of Condensed Tannin on Animal Nutrition....Pages 391-402 Tannin as a Carcinogen in Bush-Tea: Tea, Mate’, and Khat....Pages 403-416 Tannin-Insect Interactions....Pages 417-433 Are Tannins Resistance Factors Against Rust Fungi?....Pages 435-446 The Biological Significance of Tannins: An Overview....Pages 447-453 Front Matter....Pages 455-455 Tannin-Based Wood Adhesives....Pages 457-478 Adhesives Containing Pine Bark Tannin for Bonding Nylon Cord to Rubber....Pages 479-492 Using Tannins to Produce Leather....Pages 493-502 Condensed Tannins as a Source of Novel Biocides....Pages 503-515 Tannins as Specialty Chemicals: An Overview....Pages 517-523 Front Matter....Pages 525-525 Future Conferences....Pages 527-530 Back Matter....Pages 531-553