Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles (Volume 12) (Textile Science and Technology, Volume 12)

Textile chemical processing today, particularly the pre-treatment processes require a highly sophisticated technology and engineering to achieve the well known concepts of "Right first time, Right everytime and Right on time" processing and production. Chemical pre-treatment may be broadly defined as a procedure mainly concerned with the removal of natural as well as added impurities in fabric to a level necessary for good whiteness and absorbency by utilising minimum time, energy and chemicals as well as water. This book discusses the fundamental aspects of chemistry, chemical technology and machineries involved in the various pre-treatment process of textiles before subsequent dyeing, printing and finishing. With the introduction of newer fibres, specialty chemicals, improved technology and sophisticated machineries developed during the last decade, this book fills a gap in this area of technology. However, its real strength is its clear perception of ample background description, which will enable readers to understand most current journals, thus staying abreast of the latest advances in the field. Front Cover......Page 1 Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 6 1.2 Classification of fibres......Page 24 1.3 Chemical composition, morphology and structure of cotton......Page 26 1.4 Natural protein fibres......Page 31 1.5 Long vegetable fibres......Page 39 1.6 Regenerated natural fibres......Page 45 1.7 Synthetic fibres......Page 50 1.8 Miscellaneous synthetic fibres......Page 61 References......Page 67 2.2 Inspection......Page 72 2.3 Sewing......Page 74 2.4 Mechanical cleaning of fabrics......Page 75 2.5 Singeing......Page 78 2.6 Process sequence......Page 88 3.1 Introduction......Page 92 3.2 Methods of desizing......Page 94 3.3 Desizing of synthetic fabrics and their blends......Page 100 3.4 Desizing machineries......Page 102 References......Page 107 4.1 Introduction......Page 109 4.2 Mechanism of removal of impurities......Page 110 4.3 Scouting of cotton in alkaline agents......Page 112 4.4 Surfactants......Page 117 4.5 Solvent scouring......Page 129 4.6 Scouring of raw wool......Page 130 4.7 Scouring wool yarn and fabric......Page 132 4.8 Carbonising of wool......Page 136 4.9 Degumming of silk......Page 137 4.10 Degumming of remie......Page 141 4.11 Scouring of linen......Page 142 4.13 Scouring of synthetic-polymer fibres......Page 143 4.14 Scouring of blended fibre fabrics......Page 148 References......Page 152 5.2 Batch type (rope) scouring machines......Page 155 5.3 Batch type (open-width) scouring machines......Page 158 5.5 Continuous scouring machines......Page 161 5.6 Wool scouring machines......Page 168 5.7 Silk degumming machines......Page 179 References......Page 181 6.1 Introduction......Page 183 6.2 Bleaching with hypochlorites......Page 184 6.3 Bleaching with peroxides......Page 191 6.4 Bleaching of wool with hydrogen peroxide......Page 196 6.5 Bleaching of silk with hydrogen peroxide......Page 201 6.6 Bleaching of synthetic fibres with peroxide......Page 203 6.7 Advantages and disadvantages of peroxide over hypochlorite bleaching......Page 204 6.8 Bleaching with sodium chlorite......Page 205 6.9 Bleaching with peracetic acid......Page 211 6.10 Reductive bleaching of wool......Page 215 6.11 Bleaching of silk with reducing agents......Page 217 6.12 Reductive bleaching of nylon......Page 218 6.14 Bleaching of jute......Page 219 6.15 Bleaching of linen......Page 224 6.16 Bleaching of blended fabrics......Page 226 6.17 Bleaching of cotton weft knitted fabrics......Page 232 References......Page 234 7.2 Batch bleaching process machineries......Page 240 7.3 Semi-continuous bleaching process machineries......Page 245 7.4 Continuous bleaching by J-Box systems......Page 247 7.5 Continuous open-width bleaching equipment......Page 253 7.6 Washing equipment......Page 263 References......Page 280 8.2 Thermal behaviour of synthetic fibres......Page 282 8.3 Stages of heat-setting......Page 283 8.4 Methods of heat-setting......Page 284 8.5 Heat-setting conditions for different kinds of fibres......Page 290 8.6 Heat-setting of blended fibre fabrics......Page 294 8.7 Effect of heat-setting on properties of synthetic fibres......Page 295 References......Page 300 9.2 Conditions for mercerization......Page 302 9.3 Changes in properties of cellulose on mercerization......Page 303 9.4 Mercerization of remie and flax fibres......Page 313 9.5 Mercerization of blended fibre fabrics......Page 314 9.6 Mercerizing machineries......Page 315 9.7 Hot mercerization......Page 329 9.8 Liquid ammonia mercerization......Page 332 References......Page 338 10.1 Introduction......Page 343 10.2 Chemical constitution of optical brighteners......Page 344 10.4 Factors influencing the functions of optical whiteners......Page 346 10.5 Application of optical brighteners......Page 348 References......Page 357 11.2 Combined scouring and desizing......Page 359 11.3 Combined scouring and bleaching......Page 360 11.4 Combined desizing, scouring and bleaching......Page 362 References......Page 365 12.2 Degradation of cotton during desizing......Page 367 12.3 Degradation of cotton during scouring......Page 369 12.4 Degradation of cotton during bleaching......Page 373 12.5 Damage of wool during pre-treatment processes......Page 377 12.6 Damage of silk during pre-treatment processes......Page 379 References......Page 380 13.1 Water consumption in textile industry......Page 383 13.2 Impurities in water......Page 384 13.3 Water purification......Page 386 13.4 Economy through energy conservation......Page 387 13.5 Economy through water conservation......Page 390 13.6 Economy through process modification......Page 391 13.7 Pollution aspects in pre-treatment processes of textiles......Page 393 13.8 Pollution load and pre-treatment processes......Page 397 13.9 Waste water treatment from pre-treatment plants......Page 403 13.10 Protective measures for ultra-violet radiation......Page 413 References......Page 414 14.2 The concept of plasma......Page 418 14.3 Generation of plasma and its action......Page 420 14.4 Surface modification of fabrics under plasma treatment......Page 430 14.5 High energy radiation of textiles......Page 435 References......Page 437 15.2 Enzymes for textile application......Page 441 15.3 Treatment of cotton with enzymes......Page 448 15.4 Treatment of protein fibres with enzyme......Page 455 15.5 Bio-technology and effluent treatment......Page 458 References......Page 459 16.2 Analysis of water......Page 464 16.3 Analysis of non-cellulosic residues......Page 466 16.4 Evaluation of wax content in cotton......Page 468 16.5 Evaluation of lubricants......Page 469 16.6 Determination of moisture content......Page 470 16.7 Tests and analyses of sizes......Page 471 16.8 Determination of the efficiency of scouring......Page 475 16.9 Testing and evaluation of bleaching agents......Page 476 16.10 Assessment of damage of cellulose......Page 481 16.11 Assessment of damage of wool......Page 486 16.12 Determination of degree of mercerization......Page 487 16.13 Evaluation of whitening efficiency of optical brighteners......Page 491 16.14 Determination of degree of heat-setting......Page 492 16.15 Determination of biodegradability of surfactants......Page 493 References......Page 495 Subject index......Page 498