Chemical Physics of Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Thermodynamics, Rheology 1-3

Chemical Physics of Polymer Nanocomposites examines the state of the art in preparation, processing, characterizing, and applying a wide range of polymer nanocomposites, elucidating nanofiller/polymer interactions, nanofiller dispersion, distribution, filler-filler interactions, and interface properties, with a particular focus on the rheology of this important class of materials. The dependence of the rheological properties on the preparation techniques is discussed in detail, complemented by an overview of the processing approaches using conventional and micro injection molding, extrusion, compression molding, film blowing, pultrusion, and resin transfer molding. The book covers the latest understanding and accomplishments on polymer composites and presents the huge variety of this materials class. Practice-oriented with industry relevance, it also reviews preparation, characterization, morphology, properties, applications, sustainability, and recyclability. The handbook examines the current state-of-the-art of preparation, processing, characterizing and applying a wide range of polymer nanocomposites, with a particular focus on the rheology and its dependence on the preparation techniques of this important class of materials. Volume I Cover Half Title Chemical Physics of Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Thermodynamics, Rheology. Volume I Copyright Dedication Contents Volume I Volume II Volume III Preface 1. Classification of Nanofillers, Nano-Objects, Nanomaterials, and Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Chemical Nature and Identity 1.1 Classification of Nanocomposites 1.2 Classification of Nanofillers 1.3 Classification of Nano‐Objects and Nanomaterials 1.4 Production Method and Existing Form of Nano‐Objects 1.5 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposites 1.6 Summaries References 2. Biological and Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Synthesis Approach of Nanoparticles 2.2.1 Bottom‐Up Approach 2.2.1.1 Non‐Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.2.2 Top‐Down Approach 2.2.2.1 Spinning Methods 2.2.2.2 Template Based Synthesis 2.2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.2.2.4 Laser Pyrolysis Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.2.2.5 Flame Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.2.2.6 Inert Gas Condensation 2.2.2.7 Laser Ablation 2.2.2.8 Mechanical Milling 2.2.2.9 Chemical Etching 2.2.2.10 Electro‐Explosion of Wire 2.2.3 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.2.3.1 Bacteria Mediated Nanoparticles 2.2.3.2 Fungi Mediated Nanoparticles 2.2.3.3 Yeasts Mediated Nanoparticles 2.2.3.4 Algae Mediated Nanoparticles 2.2.3.5 Plant‐Mediated Nanoparticles 2.3 Conclusion References 3. Using In situ Polymerization for Manufacturing of Polymer Nanocellulose 3.1 Introduction 3.2 In situ Polymerization 3.3 Cellulose Nanoparticles 3.4 Polymer Nanocellulose 3.5 Method of Polymer Nanocomposite Processing 3.5.1 Solvent Casting and Evaporation 3.5.2 Coating Polymerization Process 3.5.3 Melt Processing 3.5.4 Radical Polymerization 3.5.5 Other Methods 3.6 Applications of In situ Polymerization Methods for the Production of Nanocellulose Materials 3.7 Future of In situ Polymerization Manufacturing Processes 3.8 Conclusion References 4. Manufacturing of Nanocomposites by Electrospinning 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Electrospinning Process 4.2.1 Principles of the Process 4.2.2 Solution Parameters 4.2.2.1 Concentration and Viscosity of Solution 4.2.2.2 Surface Tension 4.2.2.3 Conductivity of Solution 4.2.2.4 Polymer Molecular Weight 4.2.2.5 Addition of Inorganic Components 4.2.2.6 Applied Voltage 4.2.2.7 Receiving Distance 4.2.2.8 Feed Rate 4.2.2.9 Electrospinning Type/Principle/Spinneret 4.2.2.10 Receiver Morphology/Specification 4.2.3 Environmental Parameters 4.2.3.1 Temperature 4.2.3.2 Humidity 4.3 Fiber Type 4.3.1 Organic Polymers (Natural Polymers, Synthetic Polymers) 4.3.1.1 Natural Polymers 4.3.1.2 Synthetic Polymers 4.3.2 Inorganic Materials 4.3.2.1 Carbon Nanofibers 4.3.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanofibers 4.3.2.3 Metal Nanofibers 4.4 Electrospinning of Nanocomposite 4.4.1 Polymer/Polymer 4.4.2 Polymer/Inorganic 4.4.3 Inorganic/Inorganic 4.5 Application 4.5.1 Filtration 4.5.2 E‐spun Nanofibers for Hazardous Substances Adsorption 4.5.3 E‐spun Nanofibers for Bioengineering Separation 4.5.4 E‐spun Nanofibers for Insulation 4.5.5 Medical/Biological Applications 4.5.6 Catalysis 4.5.7 Energy Conversion and Storage 4.5.8 Triboelectric Nanogenerator 4.6 Summary and Outlook References 5. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Metal Oxide Nanoplatelets 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Polymers 5.2.1 Polymer Structure 5.2.2 Design Approaches to Polymers 5.2.2.1 Surface‐initiated Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization (SI‐ATRP) 5.2.2.2 Surface‐initiated Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain‐Transfer (SI‐RAFT) Strategy 5.3 Properties of Nanoplatelets (NPLs) 5.3.1 Applications of Nanoplatelets 5.4 Polymer–Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Materials 5.4.1 Properties of Polymer–Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 5.4.1.1 Electrical Properties 5.4.1.2 Optical Properties 5.4.1.3 Thermal Properties 5.4.1.4 Mechanical Properties 5.4.2 Designs of Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites 5.4.3 Synthesis Methods of Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites 5.4.3.1 Blending/Mixing 5.4.3.2 In situ polymerization 5.4.3.3 Sol–Gel Process 5.5 General Applications of Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites 5.5.1 Applications of Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites in Sensors 5.5.2 Applications of Polymer–Metal Oxide Composites in Supercapacitors 5.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6. Polymer Nanocomposites Filled in Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposites 6.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 6.1.2.1 Functionalization of CNTs 6.1.3 Potential Uses of CNT‐based Polymer Nanocomposites 6.1.4 Some Examples of Thermoplastics Used as Nanocomposite Matrix 6.1.4.1 Poly (Trimethylene Terephthalate) 6.1.4.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 6.1.4.3 Polycarbonate 6.1.4.4 Poly (Lactic Acid) 6.2 Experimental Section: Production of Nanocomposites Filled CNT 6.2.1 CNT Functionalization 6.2.2 Polyester‐based CNT Nanocomposites: PTT/CNT 6.2.3 Blend‐based CNT Nanocomposites: PTT/ABS/CNT 6.2.4 Blend‐based CNT Nanocomposites: PC/ABS/CNT 6.2.4.1 Injection Molding Process 6.2.5 Mechanical, Electrical Characterization and Morphology 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 CNT Functionalization 6.3.2 Electrical and Mechanical Properties of CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites 6.3.3 Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Blends‐based CNT Nanocomposites 6.3.3.1 PTT/ABS/MWCNT Films 6.3.3.2 PC/ABS/MWCNT Injection Molded Samples 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7. Polymer Nanocomposites Filled in Nanocellulose and Cellulose-whiskers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanocellulose: Extraction, Types, and Application 7.3 Polymers Nanocomposites 7.3.1 Thermoplastic 7.3.2 Thermosetting 7.3.3 Elastomers 7.4 Nanocellulose Nanocomposite Applications 7.5 Processing: Different Approaches and Dispersion Methods of Nanocellulose 7.6 Future Trends and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nano Chitin 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Top‐Down Approach for the Preparation of Nanochitins 8.3 Top‐Down Approach for the Preparation of Nanochitin/Polymer Composites 8.4 Bottom‐Up Approach for the Preparation of Nanochitins 8.5 Bottom‐Up Approach for the Preparation of Nanochitin/Polymer Composites 8.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 9. Nanostarch-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nanostarch 9.2.1 Starch Nanocrystals (SNCs) 9.2.2 Amorphous Starch Nanoparticles (SNPs) 9.2.3 Nanostarch Functionalization 9.3 Nanostarch‐Filled Nanocomposites from Synthetic Polymers 9.4 Nanostarch‐Filled Nanocomposites from Natural Polymers 9.4.1 Nanostarch‐Filled Starch‐Based Nanocomposites 9.4.1.1 Applications of Nanostarch–Starch Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 9.5 Regulatory Aspects 9.6 Summary and Future Perspectives References 10. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nanolignin: Preparation, Properties, and Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Extraction of Lignin 10.3 Preparation of Nanolignin and Lignin Nanoparticles 10.3.1 Antisolvent Precipitation 10.3.1.1 Acid Solution as Antisolvent 10.3.1.2 Supercritical CO2 as Antisolvent 10.3.2 Physiochemical Preparation of Lignin Nanoparticles 10.3.2.1 Homogenization 10.3.2.2 Ultrasonication 10.3.3 Ice Segregation‐induced Self‐assembly 10.3.4 Electrospinning of Solutions 10.3.5 Aerosol Flow Synthesis 10.4 Properties of Nanolignin 10.5 Nanolignin Based Nanocomposites 10.5.1 Thermoplastic–Lignin Nanocomposites 10.5.2 Thermoset–Lignin Nanocomposites 10.5.2.1 Formaldehyde‐Based Thermoset–Lignin Nanocomposite 10.5.2.2 Epoxy‐Based Thermoset–Lignin Nanocomposite 10.5.3 Elastomer– Lignin Nanocomposites 10.5.3.1 Natural Rubber‐Based Elastomer–Lignin Nanocomposite 10.5.3.2 Synthetic Rubber‐Based Elastomer–Lignin Nanocomposite 10.6 Applications of Nanolignin and Lignin Nanocomposites 10.6.1 Antibacterial Effect 10.6.2 Reinforcing Materials 10.6.3 Anti‐ultraviolet Effect 10.6.4 Food Packaging Films 10.6.5 Green Synthesis of Phenol‐formaldehyde 10.6.6 Lignin Composite Foam 10.6.7 Future Trends 10.7 Conclusions References 11. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Talc 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Talc 11.2.1 General Aspects 11.2.2 Geology 11.3 Talc/Polymer Nanocomposites Compounding 11.4 Influence of Talc Characteristics and Concentration on Polymer Nanocomposites Properties 11.4.1 Particle Morphology 11.4.2 Particle Size 11.4.3 Degree of Purity 11.4.4 Nucleating Capability 11.4.5 Particle Concentration 11.5 Chemical Modifications of Talc 11.6 Influence of Talc Surface Treatments on Polymer Nanocomposites Properties 11.7 Industrial Applications 11.8 Concluding Remarks References Volume II Cover Half Title Chemical Physics of Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Thermodynamics, Rheology. Volume II Copyright Dedication Contents Volume I Volume II Volume III Preface 12. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Graphene and Graphene Oxide 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Graphene and Oxide Graphene 12.3 Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Graphene and Graphene Oxide 12.3.1 Obtention of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Graphene and Graphene Oxide 12.3.2 Structural Advantages of Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites 12.3.3 Factors Affecting Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 12.3.3.1 Alignment of Filler 12.3.3.2 Nanoscale Filler–Polymer Interfaces 12.3.3.3 Polymer Crystallinity 12.3.3.4 Dispersion of Filler 12.3.3.5 Filler Conductivity 12.4 Applications 12.4.1 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites for Corrosion Issues 12.4.1.1 Graphene as Anticorrosive Material 12.4.1.2 Graphene‐Based Polymer Nanocomposite for Anticorrosive Coatings 12.4.2 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites Applied in Sensor Fabrication 12.4.3 Graphene and Oxidized Graphene Composites for the Removal of Organic Pollutants 12.4.3.1 Removal of Dyes 12.4.3.2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals 12.4.3.3 Removal of Pesticides 12.4.3.4 Removal of Polymer Additives 12.4.4 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites in Flame‐Retardant Materials 12.4.4.1 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites as Flame‐Retardant Materials 12.4.5 Industrial Applications of Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites 12.5 Conclusions and Future Projections References 13. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nano Alumina 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Alumina. Properties and Applications 13.3 Processing Techniques to Obtain Nano Alumina, nAl2O3 13.3.1 Hydrothermal 13.3.2 Sol–Gel 13.3.3 Laser Ablation 13.3.4 Emulsion 13.4 Polymer‐nano Alumina Composites Preparations 13.4.1 Electrospinning 13.4.2 Sol–Gel 13.4.3 Solution‐Induced Intercalation 13.4.4 Dip‐drawing Method 13.4.5 In situ Modification 13.4.6 Methods Employing Ultrasound 13.5 Preparation, Properties, and Application of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nano alumina 13.6 Actual and Prospective Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nano Alumina 13.6.1 Anticorrosion 13.6.2 Filtration, Remediation, or General Environmental Applications 13.6.3 Batteries 13.6.4 Wound Healing, Tissue Engineering, or Biomedical Applications in General 13.6.5 Other Applications References 14. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nano Magnesium Hydroxide 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Magnesium Hydroxide 14.2.1 Structure of Magnesium Hydroxide 14.2.2 The Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide 14.2.2.1 Physical Method 14.2.2.2 Chemical Methods 14.2.3 Morphology of Magnesium Hydroxide 14.2.4 Preparation of Magnesium Hydroxide Hybridized Polymer 14.2.4.1 Solution Casting Method 14.2.4.2 Solution Intercalation Method 14.2.4.3 Melt Method 14.2.4.4 In situ Polymerization 14.2.4.5 Silane Cross‐linking Method 14.2.4.6 Emulsion Polymerization 14.2.5 Characterizations of Magnesium Hydroxide Hybridized Polymer 14.2.5.1 Contact Analysis 14.2.5.2 X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 14.2.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 14.2.5.4 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 14.2.5.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 14.2.5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 14.2.5.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis 14.3 Applications of Magnesium Hydroxide Hybridized Polymer Nanocomposites 14.3.1 Inorganic Flame Retardants (the Influence of Different Polymers on Magnesium Hydroxide) 14.3.1.1 The Combustion Mechanism of Polymers 14.3.1.2 Magnesium Hydroxide Flame‐Retardant Mechanism 14.3.1.3 Flame Retardancy of Magnesium Hydroxide Hybridized Polymer 14.3.2 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Film 14.3.2.1 Laminated Film 14.3.2.2 Optical Film 14.3.2.3 Plastic Film 14.3.3 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Biomedicine 14.3.3.1 Medical Stents 14.3.3.2 Wound Dressings 14.3.3.3 Drug Release 14.3.4 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Wastewater Treatment 14.3.4.1 Adsorb Heavy Metals in Wastewater 14.3.4.2 Absorb Organic Pollutants in Wastewater 14.3.4.3 Absorb Antibiotics in Wastewater 14.3.5 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Other Polymers 14.3.5.1 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Textile 14.3.5.2 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Building Materials 14.3.5.3 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Fuel Cells 14.3.5.4 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Acoustic Materials 14.3.5.5 Magnesium Hydroxide Applied in Rubber References 15. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Nanosilica 15.1 Regulated Polycondensation of Orthosilicic Acid in Hydrothermal Solution with Formation of SiO2 Nanoparticles 15.1.1 Polycondensation of Orthosilicic Acid in Hydrothermal Solutions at Different Temperatures, pH Values, and Ionic Strengths 15.1.2 Numerical Simulation for Polycondensation of Orthosilicic Acid in Hydrothermal Solutions 15.1.2.1 Applications of Numerical Simulation to the Technological Flow Route of Silica Extraction 15.2 Technological Processes of Membrane Concentration of SiO2 Nanoparticles 15.2.1 Optical Properties of Hydrothermal Nanosilica Sols 15.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hydrothermal–sols and Gels 15.3.1 Hydrothermal SiO2 Nanopowders: Obtaining and Characteristics 15.3.2 Determination of the True Internal Density of SiO2 Nanoparticles by Helium Pycnometry (Ultrapyc 3000, Anton Paar QuantaTec., USA, Florida) 15.3.3 SEM Images 15.3.4 Pour Density of SiO2 Nanopowders 15.3.5 Pore Characteristics of Nanopowders Obtained by Cryochemical Vacuum Sublimation of SiO2 Sols 15.3.6 The XRD Data and Small Angle X‐ray Scattering 15.3.7 The Limits of the Content of Impurity Components in Nanopowders 15.3.8 Evaluation of the Density of Surface Silanol Groups Si‐OH 15.3.9 Experiments with Compacted SiO2 Nanopowders 15.4 Hydrothremal Nanosilica Applications 15.4.1 Enhancement of Mechanical Strength, Impact Viscosity and Durability of Cement Mortars by Combination of Hydrothermal SiO2 Nanoparticles and Basalt Microfiber 15.4.1.1 Materials and Methods 15.4.1.2 Results and Discussion 15.4.1.3 Conclusions 15.4.2 Effect of Hydrothermal Nanosilica on the Performances of Cement Concrete 15.4.2.1 Materials and Methods 15.4.2.2 Results and Discussion 15.4.3 Application of Hydrothermal SiO2 Nanopowder for Caoutchouc Rubbers 15.4.4 Hydrothermal Nanosilica in Agricultural Crop and Biotechnology 15.4.5 Hydrothermal Nanosilica Potential in Medicine, Untoxicity of Hydrothermal Nanosilica 15.4.6 Prospects of Influence on Nanogranular Structure and Mechanical Strength of Bone by SiO2 Nanoparticles 15.4.7 Encapsulation of Medicine Drugs into a Shell Composed of Nanoparticles of Hydrothermal Silica References 16. Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Quantum Dots 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Quantum Dots 16.2.1 Types of QDs 16.2.2 Luminescence Principle and Optical Properties of Quantum Dots 16.2.2.1 Luminescence Principle of Quantum Dots 16.2.2.2 Optical Properties of Quantum Dots 16.2.3 The Preparation of Quantum dots 16.2.3.1 The Theoretical Basis for the Synthesis of Quantum Dots 16.2.3.2 Synthesis Method of Quantum Dots 16.3 Fabrication of Nanocomposites 16.3.1 In situ Polymerization in the Presence of Quantum Dots 16.3.2 Incorporation of Quantum Dots into Preformed Polymer 16.3.3 In situ Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Polymer Micro‐ and Nanospheres 16.3.4 Direct Surface Modification of Quantum Dots with Polymers 16.3.5 Quantum Dots/Polymer Layer‐by‐layer Assembly 16.4 Properties of Quantum Dots/Polymer Nanocomposites 16.4.1 Optical Property 16.4.2 Mechanical Properties 16.4.3 Stability 16.4.4 Carriers Dynamics 16.5 Application of Quantum Dots/Polymer Nanocomposites 16.5.1 Light‐emitting Diodes 16.5.2 Solar Cells 16.5.3 Biological 16.5.4 Sensor 16.6 Conclusion and Outlook References 17. Decorated Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites 17.1 Introduction of CNTs 17.2 Preparation of Decorated CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites 17.2.1 Melt Compounding 17.2.2 Solution Mixing 17.2.3 In situ Polymerization 17.2.4 Electrospinning 17.2.5 3D Printing 17.3 Characterization of CNTs 17.3.1 X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 17.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy 17.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 17.3.4 X‐ray Diffraction 17.3.5 Electron Microscopy 17.3.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 17.3.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis 17.4 Properties of Decorated CNTs/Polymer Nanocomposites 17.4.1 Morphology and Dispersion 17.4.2 Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy 17.4.2.1 Functionalized CNTs 17.4.2.2 Combination of CNTs with Other Flame Retardants 17.4.3 Thermal Conductivity 17.4.4 Mechanical Properties 17.4.5 Electromagnetic Shielding Properties 17.4.6 Dielectric Properties 17.5 Summary References 18. Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 18.3 Thermal Properties 18.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature 18.3.2 Thermal Conductivity 18.4 Electrical Properties 18.5 Mechanical Properties 18.6 Applications 18.6.1 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensing Applications 18.6.2 Energy Storage and Conversion 18.6.3 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Applications 18.6.4 Oil/Water Separation 18.6.5 Graphene‐Polymer Nanocomposites as Gas Barriers 18.6.6 Drug Delivery 18.7 Conclusion References 19. Decorated Quantum Dot Polymer Nanocomposites 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Interface Properties of Quantum Dots and Polymers 19.2.1 Surface Properties of Quantum Dots 19.2.1.1 Quantum Dot Crystal Facets and Atom Coordination 19.2.1.2 Quantum Dot Ligand Coordination 19.2.1.3 Optical Properties Tuned by the Surface 19.2.1.4 Surface Chemistry and Charge/Energy Transfer 19.2.1.5 Oxidative Reactions on the QD Surface 19.2.2 Surface Properties of Polymer 19.2.3 Interface of Quantum Dots and Polymer 19.2.3.1 Dispersion Control 19.2.3.2 Interface Structure 19.2.3.3 Interface Properties 19.3 Synthetic Methodologies of Decorated Quantum Dot Polymer Nanocomposites 19.3.1 Surface Coating 19.3.1.1 Covalent Decoration 19.3.1.2 Noncovalent Decoration 19.3.1.3 Encapsulation of Organic Molecules 19.3.2 Silane Grafting 19.3.3 Polymer Grafting 19.3.3.1 Grafting Amphiphilic Polymer 19.3.3.2 Grafting Multidentate Polymer 19.3.3.3 Grafting End‐functionalized Polymer 19.4 Characterization of Decorated Quantum Dot Polymer Nanocomposites 19.5 Influence of Decorated Quantum Dot on the Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 19.5.1 Mechanical Properties 19.5.2 Electrical Properties 19.5.3 Optical Properties 19.5.4 Thermal Properties 19.6 Applications 19.6.1 Optoelectronic Applications 19.6.2 Biological Applications 19.6.3 Sensing Applications 19.7 Summary References 20. Decorated Clays for Polymer Nanocomposites 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Decoration of Clay Surfaces with Functional Particles 20.2.1 Metal Particles Decorating Clay Layers 20.2.2 Metal Oxides Decorating Clay Layers 20.2.3 Apatites Decorating Clays 20.2.4 Nanocarbons Decorated on Clays 20.2.5 Organic Species for Clay Mineral Surface Modification 20.2.6 2D Nitride Materials 20.3 Techniques for Evaluation Nanofillers in Nanocomposites 20.4 Conclusion References Volume III Cover Half Title Chemical Physics of Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Thermodynamics, Rheology. Volume III Copyright Dedication Content Volume I Volume II Volume III Preface 21. Decorated Nanocellulose-Polymer Nanocomposites 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Preparation of the Nanocellulose Composites 21.3 Characterization of Decorated Cellulose Composites 21.3.1 Morphological Analysis 21.3.2 Chemical Analysis 21.3.3 Thermal Properties 21.3.4 Crystallinity 21.4 Application of Decorated Cellulose Composites 21.4.1 Polymer Composites 21.4.2 Packaging Applications 21.4.3 Wastewater Remediation 21.4.3.1 Metal Adsorption 21.4.3.2 Oil Removal 21.4.3.3 Dye Removal 21.4.4 Biomedical Applications 21.4.4.1 Antibacterial Agents 21.4.4.2 Biosensing 21.4.4.3 Medical Dressings 21.4.5 Gas Purification 21.4.6 Other Applications 21.5 Conclusion and Future Trends Acknowledgments References 22. Advantage of Polymer Nanocomposite for Biomedical Application 22.1 Introduction 22.2 PNC in Drug Delivery Applications 22.3 PNC in Medical Devices Applications 22.4 PNC in Tissue Engineering Application 22.5 PNC Life Cycles and Functional Time Frame 22.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 23. Recycling of Polymer Nanocomposites. Plastic e-waste Case Study 23.1 Introduction (Problem to be Solved) 23.2 Background – State‐of‐the‐Art 23.3 Virgin e‐plastic vs. Plastic e‐waste 23.4 Sustainable Recycling Approaches for Plastic e‐waste 23.5 Concluding Remarks References 24. Life Cycle Analysis of Polymer Nanocomposites 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Importance of Life Cycle Analysis in Nanocomposites 24.3 Introduction to Life Cycle Analysis 24.4 Case Study – Acetabular Cup for Hip Prostheses 24.4.1 Acetabular Cup for Hip Prostheses – Manufacturing Procedure 24.4.2 Acetabular Cup for Hip Prostheses – Life Cycle Analysis 24.4.2.1 Overview of Plastic Environmental Impact 24.4.2.2 Overview of Nanocomposite Impact 24.4.2.3 Overview of Different End‐of‐Life Scenarios 24.5 Conclusions References 25. Lab to Industry 25.1 Sugarcane in Egypt 25.1.1 Sugarcane Recent Statistics 25.1.1.1 Sugarcane Production 25.1.1.2 Sugarcane Consumption 25.1.1.3 Sugarcane Import 25.2 Sugarcane By‐products 25.2.1 Harvesting Phase Wastes 25.2.2 Sugar Production Phase Wastes 25.3 Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers 25.3.1 SCB Utilization Advantages 25.3.2 Bagasse Constitutes 25.3.3 Bagasse Industrial Potentials 25.4 Bagasse Molded Tableware Production 25.4.1 Advantages of Molded SCB Tableware Products 25.4.2 From Nature‐to‐Nature Process 25.4.2.1 Pulp Mixing and Treatment 25.4.2.2 Cold Pressing Drying 25.4.2.3 Hot Pressing Forming 25.5 Conclusion 25.6 Recommendations References 26. Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes and their Energy Storage Applications 26.1 Introduction – Lithium‐Ion Battery 26.2 Working Principle – Intercalation/Deintercalation Process in Lithium‐Ion Battery 26.3 The Challenges of Lithium‐Ion Batteries 26.4 Solid‐State Electrolyte 26.5 Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes 26.6 Ionic Conductivity of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes 26.7 Influence of Inorganic Filler on Ion Transport 26.8 Electrochemical Stability and Reversibility of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes References 27. Advanced Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases 27.2.1 Alzheimer's Disease 27.2.2 Parkinson's Disease 27.2.3 Huntington's Disease 27.2.4 Multiple Sclerosis 27.2.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 27.3 Limitations and Strategies to Deliver NPs for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 27.3.1 BBB Manipulation 27.3.2 Advanced Nanoparticle‐mediated Drug Delivery System 27.4 Advantage of Nanotechnology Tools in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases 27.5 Nanoparticle‐based Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases 27.5.1 Therapeutic Agent‐loaded Polymeric NPs 27.5.1.1 Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 27.5.1.2 Treatment of Parkinson's Disease 27.5.1.3 Treatment of Huntington's Disease 27.5.1.4 Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis 27.5.1.5 Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 27.5.2 Peptide Conjugated‐polymeric NPs 27.5.2.1 Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Using Peptide‐conjugated NPs 27.5.2.2 Treatment of Huntington's Disease Using Peptide‐conjugated NPs 27.5.2.3 Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Using Peptide‐conjugated NPs 27.5.3 Protein and Growth Factor Loaded‐polymeric NPs 27.5.3.1 Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Protein or Growth Factor Loaded‐polymeric NPs 27.5.3.2 Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Protein Loaded‐polymeric NPs 27.5.3.3 Treatment of Huntington's Disease Using Protein Loaded‐polymeric NPs 27.5.3.4 Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Using Growth Factor Loaded‐polymeric NPs 27.6 Challenges of the Nanoparticle‐based Therapeutics as Commercial Products 27.7 Conclusion 27.8 Future Perspectives Acknowledgements References 28. Recent Advances in the Chemorheological Behavior of Biobased Polyurethane Nanocomposites 28.1 Introduction 28.2 An Overview of Polyurethane Chemistry and Applications 28.3 Nanocomposites and Biobased Polyurethanes 28.3.1 Polyurethane Nanocomposites 28.3.2 Biobased Polyurethanes 28.3.2.1 Polyols from Renewable Resources 28.3.2.2 Isocyanates from Renewable Resources 28.4 Key Aspects of Chemorheological Analysis and Modeling 28.5 Chemorheology of Polyurethane Nanocomposites 28.5.1 Processing Routes and Dispersion Methods 28.5.2 The Effects of Nanostructuring Polyurethanes on its Chemorheological Behavior 28.5.3 Study Cases and Applications 28.6 Conclusions References 29. Self-healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Self‐healing Mechanisms for Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.1 Dynamic Covalent Bonding‐based Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.2 Macrocyclic Host–Guest Interaction‐based Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.3 Ionogel‐based Self‐healing Stretchable Ionic Conductive Composite Conductors 29.2.4 Liquid‐metal‐based Reconfigurable, Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.5 Coordination‐bonding‐based Autonomous Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.6 Hydrogen‐bonding‐based Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductors 29.2.7 Self‐healing Stretchable Composite Conductor‐based Advanced Devices 29.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 30. Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites for Electrical Applications 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Synthesis Methods 30.2.1 Graphene Synthesis 30.2.1.1 Mechanical Exfoliation Process 30.2.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Process 30.2.1.3 Chemical Exfoliation 30.2.1.4 Thermal Reduction 30.2.1.5 Chemical Reduction 30.2.2 Graphene Oxide Synthesis 30.3 Polymer Nanocomposites Preparation 30.3.1 Melt Blending 30.3.2 In situ Polymerization 30.3.3 Solution Blending 30.4 Percolation Threshold of GPNs 30.4.1 Effect of Filler Content 30.4.2 Effect of Fabrication Process 30.4.3 Effect of Graphene Size 30.4.4 Effect of Dispersion Quality 30.4.4.1 Variation of Dispersion Technique 30.4.4.2 Surface Functionalization to Enhance the Dispersion of Graphene 30.5 Potential Applications 30.5.1 Supercapacitors 30.5.2 Solar Cells 30.5.3 Sensors 30.5.4 EMI Shielding 30.6 Outlooks 30.7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Index