Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering: Fundamental Concepts for First-Year Students (SpringerBriefs in Business Book 5)

The goal of this textbook is to provide first-year engineering students with a firm grounding in the fundamentals of chemical and bioprocess engineering. However, instead of being a general overview of the two topics, Fundamentals of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering will identify and focus on specific areas in which attaining a solid competency is desired. This strategy is the direct result of studies showing that broad-based courses at the freshman level often leave students grappling with a lot of material, which results in a low rate of retention. Specifically, strong emphasis will be placed on the topic of material balances, with the intent that students exiting a course based upon this textbook will be significantly higher on Bloom’s Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis, evaluation, creation) relating to material balances. In addition, this book will also provide students with a highly developed ability to analyze problems from the material balances perspective, which will leave them with important skills for the future. The textbook will consist of numerous exercises and their solutions. Problems will be classified by their level of difficulty. Each chapter will have references and selected web pages to vividly illustrate each example. In addition, to engage students and increase their comprehension and rate of retention, many examples will involve real-world situations. Preface 8 Why and How? 8 What Is an Engineer? 9 What Do We Expect from You and Why? 9 What You Will Learn? 10 Acknowledgements 12 To Our Students, Colleagues and Tutors 13 Engaging Freshmen Engineering Students 13 Bloom ́s Taxonomy 13 Key Concepts 14 Problem Formulation 14 Method of Problem Formulation 14 Material Balance 14 Optimization and Alternative Decisions 15 Using the Book 15 Contents 16 Chapter 1: Introduction 22 1.1 What Is an Engineer? 22 1.2 Is Engineering for Me? 23 1.3 What Are Process, Chemical, Bioprocess, and Biochemical Engineers? 23 1.4 History 24 1.4.1 Why Is History Important? 24 1.4.2 Were We Born Engineers? 24 1.4.3 Industrial Revolution 25 1.4.4 A Brief History of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering 25 1.4.4.1 Chemical Engineering 25 1.4.4.2 Biochemical Engineering 26 1.5 Why Integrate Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering Fundamentals in One Book? 26 1.6 Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering in the Twenty-First Century 27 1.6.1 Required Basic Knowledge: Basic Tools of Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology 27 1.7 Cognitive Domain: What Will We Comprehend and Learn? 27 References 28 Additional Web References 28 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Magnitudes, Unit Systems, and Their Applications in Process Engineering 29 2.1 Chapter Purpose and Scope 29 2.2 Introduction 29 2.2.1 Brief History 29 2.2.2 Metric and SI Systems 30 2.2.3 Basic Units (Table2.1) 30 2.2.4 Derived Units 31 2.3 Equivalence Among Different Systems, Conversion Factor gc, and Prefixes 31 2.3.1 Equivalence Among Different Systems 31 2.3.2 Conversion Factor gc 31 2.3.3 Multiples and Submultiples in SI System 32 2.4 Basic Concepts and Process Variables 33 2.4.1 Mass, Volume, Density (rho), and Specific Volume (1/rho) 33 2.4.2 Moles 34 2.4.3 Pressure (P) 34 2.4.4 Temperature (T) 35 2.5 Dimensionless (Nondimensional) Numbers and Their Importance in Process Engineering 36 2.5.1 Why Are Dimensionless Numbers Important? 37 2.5.2 Dimensionless Numbers 37 2.5.2.1 Reynolds Number (Re) 37 2.5.2.2 Nusselt Number (Nu) 37 2.5.2.3 Sherwood Number (Sh) 38 2.5.2.4 Prandtl Number (Pr) 38 2.5.2.5 Froude Number (Fr) 38 2.6 Solved Problems 38 2.7 Proposed Problems 42 2.7.1 Warm-Up 42 2.7.2 Conversions and Calculations 43 2.7.3 Equivalences and Conversions on Planet Morc 44 2.7.4 Engineering Problems 45 References 48 Additional Web References 48 Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Process Control, Communication, and Instrumentation 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Understanding What Process Control Is 50 3.2.1 Objective of Control 50 3.2.2 Meter 51 3.2.3 The Process to Be Controlled 51 3.2.4 Manipulated Resource 51 3.2.5 Action of Control 51 3.2.6 Control Loop 52 3.3 Instrumentation 53 3.3.1 Sensors 53 3.3.1.1 Accuracy and Precision 54 3.3.1.2 Biosensors 54 3.3.2 Actuators 60 3.3.3 Controllers 61 3.4 Process Diagrams, PFDs, and PandID 62 3.4.1 PFD 62 3.4.2 PandID 63 3.5 Proposed Questions 66 References 67 Additional Web References 67 Norms 68 Chapter 4: Learning from Nature and Its Potential Applications in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Lessons and Challenges from Nature 74 4.3 Biomimetics and Product Development 77 4.4 Project Homework 78 4.4.1 Potential Topics 78 4.5 Corollary 79 References 79 Selected References (Project Homeworks) 79 Additional Web References 80 Chapter 5: Challenging Students and Solving Problems with Basic Tools, Testing Students ́ Attitudes 81 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Strategy and Method for Solving Problems 82 5.3 Solved Problems 87 5.3.1 Rate 87 5.3.2 Concentrations 103 5.3.3 Percentages 107 5.3.4 Ages 108 5.3.5 Miscellaneous 110 5.4 Proposed Problems 112 Additional Web References 124 Chapter 6: A Glimpse of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 A Glimpse at Thermodynamics 126 6.2.1 Introduction, Definitions, and Key Concepts 126 6.2.2 Ideal Gases 133 6.2.3 Material and Energy Balance in Open Systems Under Steady-State Conditions 134 6.2.4 Entropy (S) 136 6.3 A Glimpse of Transport Phenomena 137 6.3.1 Heat Transfer 137 6.3.2 Mass Transfer 141 6.4 Conceptual and Quantitative Questions 143 6.4.1 Solved Problems (Ideal Gases) 145 6.5 Proposed Problems (Ideal Gases) 151 Additional Web References 156 Ideal Gases 156 Chapter 7: Fundamentals of Material Balance (Nonreactive Systems) 157 7.1 Chapter Purpose and Strategy 157 7.2 What Is a process? 158 7.3 What Is Material Balance? 160 7.4 General Concepts on Material Balance 163 7.5 Why Material Balance Is Relevant for Chemical and Bioprocess Engineers 164 7.6 Formulating Material Balance Equations (Steady-State and Continuous Operation) 165 7.7 Material Balance Basics 168 7.8 Designing and Structuring a General Procedure to Formulate and Solve Material Balance Problems 170 7.8.1 Developing a General Procedure for Material Balance Problems 170 7.8.2 Understanding the Procedure to Approach, Formulate, and Solve Material Balance Problems 171 7.8.2.1 Procedure Description and Analysis 172 7.8.3 Solving Material Balance Problems with the Proposed Procedure 179 7.9 Solved Problems 185 7.10 Proposed Problems 215 References 231 Additional Web References 231 Chapter 8: Fundamentals of Material Balance (Reactive Systems) 232 8.1 Chapter Purpose and Strategy 232 8.2 Why Reactive Systems Are Relevant to Material Balance 233 8.2.1 Chemical Process 233 8.2.2 Bioprocess 234 8.3 Particularities of Material Balance on Reactive Systems 235 8.3.1 Material Balance Equations for Reactive Systems (Steady-State and Continuous Operation) 235 8.3.2 Stoichiometry 236 8.3.3 Limiting and Excess Reagents and Reaction Conversion 238 8.4 Material Balance in Reactors and Bioreactors 239 8.4.1 Typical Material Balance Problems in Chemical Processes 239 8.4.2 Typical Material Balance Problems in Bioprocesses 242 8.5 Formulating and Solving Material Balance Equations in Reactive Systems (Steady-State and Continuous Operation) 245 8.6 Solved Problems 246 8.7 Proposed Problems 256 Additional Web References 263 Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Mathematical Modeling, Simulation, and Process Control 264 9.1 Chapter Purpose 264 9.2 What Is Mathematical Modeling? 265 9.3 Importance of Building Mathematical Models and Constructing Simple Models for Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 266 9.3.1 What Have We learned? 266 9.3.2 Building Simple Mathematical Models 267 9.4 The Importance of Simulations in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 270 9.5 Why Do Automatic Process Control? 272 9.5.1 Management of Disturbances 272 9.5.2 Maintaining Optimum Operating Conditions 272 9.5.3 Decreased Variability in Bottlenecks 273 9.6 Control Strategies 274 9.6.1 PID Controller 274 9.6.2 On/Off Controllers 276 9.7 Multivariable and Supervisory Control 276 9.7.1 Multivariable Control 277 9.7.2 Supervisory Control 277 9.8 Proposed Questions 278 References 279 Additional Web References 279 Chapter 10: Scale-Up in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 280 10.1 Introduction 280 10.2 Understanding Size Change 281 10.3 Principle of Similarity 285 10.4 A Glimpse of Dimensional Analysis 287 10.5 Understanding Scale-Up (-Down) in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 288 10.6 Scale-Up in Nature 292 10.7 Project Homework 293 10.7.1 Potential Topics 293 References 294 Additional Web References 294 Chapter 11: Optimization and Chemical/Bioprocess Optimization 295 11.1 Chapter Purpose 295 11.2 What Is Optimization? 295 11.3 Do We Have the Required Knowledge to Deal with Problems of Optimization and Process Optimization? 296 11.4 Understanding Optimization in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering 297 11.5 Maximum, Minimum, and a Warm-Up Example 299 11.5.1 Warm-Up Example: Minimization 300 11.6 Origins of Operations Research and Process Optimization 305 11.6.1 Historical Background 305 11.6.2 Operations Research and the Scientific Method 306 11.6.3 Linear Programming 306 11.6.4 Modeling and Solving LP and IP Problems 307 11.6.5 Warm-Up Example 308 11.7 Solved Problems 318 11.7.1 Maximum, Minimum, and Applications 318 11.7.2 Operations Research Problems 325 11.8 Proposed Problems 329 11.8.1 Maximum, Minimum, and Applications 329 11.8.2 Operation Research Problems 338 References 341 Additional Web References 342 Chapter 12: Basic Economic Principles and Deciding Among Alternatives 343 12.1 Chapter Purpose 343 12.2 Understanding What Economics Is 344 12.3 What You Will Be Learning 344 12.4 What Is the Interest Rate? Some Simple Calculations 345 12.5 Financial Mathematical Equivalences 347 12.6 Net Present Value (NPV) and Annual Equivalent Benefits/Cost (AEB or AEC) 349 12.6.1 Net Present Value 350 12.6.2 Annual Equivalent Benefits/Cost 351 12.7 Comparing and Deciding Among Different Alternatives: Warm-Up Example 352 12.8 Solved Problems 353 12.8.1 Real-Life Problems 353 12.8.2 Engineering Problems 354 12.9 Proposed Problems 356 12.9.1 Real-Life Problems 356 12.9.2 Personal Finance 358 12.9.3 Engineering Problems 359 Additional Web References 365 Index 367 This Is A Unique Introductory Textbook That Covers All Aspects Of Both Chemical And Bioprocess Engineering And Provides A Thorough Grounding In The Fundamentals So That The Background May Be Used In Future Work. Included Are More Than 400 Proposed And Solved Exercises, Each Classified By Its Level Of Difficulty. Each Chapter Contains References And Selected Web Pages To Vividly Illustrate Examples. To Aid The Reader, Each Chapter Is Marked According To Bloom’s Taxonomy To Indicate The Level Of Attention Given To Each Concept. About The Authors Ricardo Simpson Is A professor At The Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Department Of Chemical And Environmental Engineering, Valparaíso, Chile. Sudhir Sastry Is A professor At the Ohio State University, Department Of Food, Agricultural And Biological Engineering, Columbus, Ohio, Usa. Introduction -- Fundamentals Of Magnitudes, Units Systems, And Their Applications In Process Engineering -- Fundamentals Of Process Control, Communication, And Instrumentation -- Learning From Nature And Its Applications In Chemical And Bioprocess Engineering -- Challenging And Solving Problems With Basic Tools, Testing Student's Attitude -- A Glimpse Of Thermodynamics And Transport Phenomena -- Fundamentals Of Material Balances (non-reactive Systems) -- Fundamentals Of Material Balances (reactive Systems) -- Fundamentals Of Mathematical Modeling, Simulation, And Process Control -- Scale Up In Chemical And Bioprocess Engineering -- Optimization And Chemical/bioprocess Optimization -- Basic Economic Principles And A Glimpse On How To Take A Decision Among Alternatives. By Ricardo Simpson, Sudhir K. Sastry. The goal of this textbook is to provide first-year engineering students with a firm grounding in the fundamentals of chemical and bioprocess engineering. However, instead of being a general overview of the two topics, Fundamentals of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering will identify and focus on specific areas in which attaining a solid competency is desired. This strategy is the direct result of studies showing that broad-based courses at the freshman level often leave students grappling with a lot of material, which results in a low rate of retention. Specifically, strong emphasis will be placed on the topic of material balances, with the intent that students exiting a course based upon this textbook will be significantly higher on Bloom’s Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis, evaluation, creation) relating to material balances. In addition, this book also provides students with a highly developed ability to analyze problems from the material balances perspective, which leaves them with important skills for the future. The textbook consists of numerous exercises and their solutions. Problems are classified by their level of difficulty. Each chapter has references and selected web pages to vividly illustrate each example. In addition, to engage students and increase their comprehension and rate of retention, many examples involve real-world situations. Front Matter....Pages i-xx Introduction....Pages 1-7 Fundamentals of Magnitudes, Unit Systems, and Their Applications in Process Engineering....Pages 9-28 Fundamentals of Process Control, Communication, and Instrumentation....Pages 29-48 Learning from Nature and Its Potential Applications in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering....Pages 49-60 Challenging Students and Solving Problems with Basic Tools, Testing Students’ Attitudes....Pages 61-104 A Glimpse of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena....Pages 105-136 Fundamentals of Material Balance (Nonreactive Systems)....Pages 137-211 Fundamentals of Material Balance (Reactive Systems)....Pages 213-244 Fundamentals of Mathematical Modeling, Simulation, and Process Control....Pages 245-260 Scale-Up in Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering....Pages 261-275 Optimization and Chemical/Bioprocess Optimization....Pages 277-324 Basic Economic Principles and Deciding Among Alternatives....Pages 325-348 Back Matter....Pages 349-352