Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America.

CHECK LIST OF THE FRESHWATER FISHES OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA. Roberto E. Reis, Carl J. Ferraris Jr., and Sven O. Kullander (eds.). 2003. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil. ISBN 85-7430-361-5. 729 p. $48.00 (hardcover).—The objective of this publication (abbreviated as CLOFFSCA) was to provide an inventory of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. To this end, 64 contributors pooled their knowledge and scientific expertise to list 4475 valid species and estimate that there are still about 1550 undescribed species that eventually will be added to this list. These numbers are broken down by family in table 1. The three most species-rich families roughly follow a ratio of 2:1, two described species for every undescribed species (Characidae 952:400; Loricariidae 673:300, and Cichlidae 406:155), whereas a number of families have no undescribed species expected and only one family, the Synbranchidae, has more undescribed species than described (4:10). Petromyzontiformes. Geotriidae / S.o. Kullander & B. Fernholm -- Carchariniformes. Carcharinidae / M.r. De Carvalho & J.d. Mceachran -- Pristiformes. Pristidae / M.r. De Carvalho & J.d. Mceachran -- Myliobatiformes. Potamotrygonidae / M.r. De Carvalho, N.r. Lovejoy & R.s. Rosa -- Lepisosteiformes. Lepisosteidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Osteoglossiformes. Osteoglossidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Arapaimidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Elopiformes. Megalopidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Anguilliformes. Anguillidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Ophichthyidae / S.o. Kullander -- Clupeiformes. Clupeidae / S.o. Kullander & C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Engraulidae / S.o. Kullander & C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Pristigasteridae / M.c.c. De Pinna & F. Di Dario -- Characiformes. Parodontidae / C.s. Pavanelli. Curimatidae / R.p. Vari. Prochilodontidae / R.m.c. Castro & R.p. Vari. Anostomidae / J.c. Garavello & H.a. Britski. Chilodontidae / R.p. Vari & S.j. Raredon. Crenuchidae / P.a. Buckup. Hemiodontidae / F. Langeani. Gasteropelecidae / S.h. Weitzman & L. Palmer. Characidae. Species Incertae Sedis. Genera Incertae Sedis / F.c.t. Lima [and Others] Agoniatinae / F.c.t. Lima & A. Zanata. Clupeacharacinae / F.c.t. Lima. Iguanodectinae / C. Moreira. Bryconinae / F.c.t. Lima. Serrasalminae / M. Jégu. Aphyocharacinae / R.s. Lima. Characinae / C.a.s. Lucena & N.a. Menezes. Stethaprioninae / R.e. Reis. Tetragonopterinae / R.e Reis. Rhoadsiinae / A.r. Cardoso. Cheirodontinae / L.r. Malabarba. Glandulocaudinae / S.h. Weitzman. Acestrorhynchidae / N.a. Menezes. Cynodontidae / M. Toledo-piza. Erythrinidae / O.t. Oyakawa. Lebiasinidae / M. Weitzman & S.h. Weitzman. Ctenoluciidae / R.p. Vari -- Siluriformes. Incertae Sedis. Diplomystidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Cetopsidae / R.p. Vari & C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Aspredinidae / J.p. Friel. Nematogenyidae / M.c.c. De Pinna. Trichomycteridae / M.c.c. De Pinna & W. Wosiacki. Callichthyidae / R.e. Reis. Scoloplacidae / S.a. Schaefer. Astroblepidae / S.a. Schaefer. Loricariidae. Lithogeneinae. Neoplecostominae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Hypoptopomatinae / S.a. Schaefer. Loricariinae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Hypostominae / C. Weber. Ancistrinae / S. Fisch-muller. Pseudopimelodidae / O.a. Shibatta. Heptapteridae / F.a. Bockmann & G.m. Guazzelli. Pimelodidae / J.g. Lundberg & M.w. Littmann. Ariidae / A.p. Marceniuk & C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Doradidae / M.h. Sabaj & C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Auchenipteridae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Gymnotiformes. Gymnotidae / R. Campos-da-paz. Sternopygidae / J.s. Albert. Rhamphichthyidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Hypopomidae / J.s. Albert. Apteronotidae / J.s. Albert -- Osmeriiformes. Galaxiidae / T.m. Berra -- Ophidiformes. Bythitidae / J.g. Nielsen -- Batrachoidiformes. Batrachoididae / B.b. Collette -- Gobiesociformes. Gobiesocidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Atheriniformes. Atherinidae / B.s. Dyer. Atherinopsidae / B.s. Dyer -- Cyprinodontiformes. Rivulidae / W.j.e.m. Costa. Cyprinodontidae / W.j.e.m. Costa. Poeciliidae/ P.h.f. Lucinda. Anablepidae / M.j. Ghedotti -- Beloniformes. Belonidae / N.r. Lovejoy & B.b. Collette. Hemirhamphidae / B.b. Collette -- Syngnathiformes. Syngnathidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. -- Synbranchiformes. Synbranchidae / S.o. Kullander -- Perciformes. Percichthyidae / G. Arratia. Perciliidae / G. Arratia. Sciaenidae / L. Casatti. Polycentridae / R. Britz & S.o. Kullander. Cichlidae / S.o. Kullander. Mugilidae / C.j. Ferraris, Jr. Gobiidae / S.o. Kullander. Pleuronectiformes. Achiridae / R.t.c. Ramos -- Tetraodontiformes. Tetraodontidae / S.o. Kullander -- Lepidosireniformes. Lepidosirenidae / G. Arratia. Organized By Roberto E. Reis, Sven O. Kullander, Carl J. Ferraris. Museu De Ciências E Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul--page Ii. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Petromyzontiformes. Geotriidae / S.O. Kullander & B. Fernholm Carchariniformes. Carcharinidae / M.R. de Carvalho & J.D. McEachran Pristiformes. Pristidae / M.R. de Carvalho & J.D. McEachran Myliobatiformes. Potamotrygonidae / M.R. de Carvalho, N.R. Lovejoy & R.S. Rosa Lepisosteiformes. Lepisosteidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Osteoglossiformes. Osteoglossidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Arapaimidae / C. J. Ferraris, Jr. Elopiformes. Megalopidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Anguilliformes. Anguillidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Ophichthyidae / S.O. Kullander Clupeiformes. Clupeidae / S.O. Kullander & C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Engraulidae / S.O. Kullander & C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Pristigasteridae / M.C.C. de Pinna & F. di Dario Characiformes. Parodontidae / C.S. Pavanelli. Curimatidae / R.P. Vari. Prochilodontidae / R.M.C. Castro & R.P. Vari. Anostomidae / J.C. Garavello & H.A. Britski. Chilodontidae / R.P. Vari & S.J. Raredon. Crenuchidae / P.A. Buckup. Hemiodontidae / F. Langeani. Gasteropelecidae / S.H. Weitzman & L. Palmer. Characidae. Species incertae sedis. Genera incertae sedis / F.C.T. Lima ... [et al.] Agoniatinae / F.C.T. Lima & A. Zanata. Clupeacharacinae / F.C.T. Lima. Iguanodectinae / C. Moreira. Bryconinae / F.C.T. Lima. Serrasalminae / M. Jégu. Aphyocharacinae / R.S. Lima. Characinae / C.A.S. Lucena & N.A. Menezes. Stethaprioninae / R.E. Reis. Tetragonopterinae / R.E Reis. Rhoadsiinae / A.R. Cardoso. Cheirodontinae / L.R. Malabarba. Glandulocaudinae / S.H. Weitzman. Acestrorhynchidae / N.A. Menezes. Cynodontidae / M. Toledo-Piza. Erythrinidae / O.T. Oyakawa. Lebiasinidae / M. Weitzman & S.H. Weitzman. Ctenoluciidae / R.P. Vari Siluriformes. Incertae sedis. Diplomystidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Cetopsidae / R.P. Vari & C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Aspredinidae / J.P. Friel. Nematogenyidae / M.C.C. de Pinna. Trichomycteridae / M.C.C. de Pinna & W. Wosiacki. Callichthyidae / R.E. Reis. Scoloplacidae / S.A. Schaefer. Astroblepidae / S.A. Schaefer. Loricariidae. Lithogeneinae. Neoplecostominae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Hypoptopomatinae / S.A. Schaefer. Loricariinae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Hypostominae / C. Weber. Ancistrinae / S. Fisch-Muller. Pseudopimelodidae / O.A. Shibatta. Heptapteridae / F.A. Bockmann & G.M. Guazzelli. Pimelodidae / J.G. Lundberg & M.W. Littmann. Ariidae / A.P. Marceniuk & C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Doradidae / M.H. Sabaj & C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Auchenipteridae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Gymnotiformes. Gymnotidae / R. Campos-da-Paz. Sternopygidae / J.S. Albert. Rhamphichthyidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Hypopomidae / J.S. Albert. Apteronotidae / J.S. Albert Osmeriiformes. Galaxiidae / T.M. Berra Ophidiformes. Bythitidae / J.G. Nielsen Batrachoidiformes. Batrachoididae / B.B. Collette Gobiesociformes. Gobiesocidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Atheriniformes. Atherinidae / B.S. Dyer. Atherinopsidae / B.S. Dyer Cyprinodontiformes. Rivulidae / W.J.E.M. Costa. Cyprinodontidae / W.J.E.M. Costa. Poeciliidae/ P.H.F. Lucinda. Anablepidae / M.J. Ghedotti Beloniformes. Belonidae / N.R. Lovejoy & B.B. Collette. Hemirhamphidae / B.B. Collette Syngnathiformes. Syngnathidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Synbranchiformes. Synbranchidae / S.O. Kullander Perciformes. Percichthyidae / G. Arratia. Perciliidae / G. Arratia. Sciaenidae / L. Casatti. Polycentridae / R. Britz & S.O. Kullander. Cichlidae / S.O. Kullander. Mugilidae / C.J. Ferraris, Jr. Gobiidae / S.O. Kullander Pleuronectiformes. Achiridae / R.T.C. Ramos Tetraodontiformes. Tetraodontidae / S.O. Kullander Lepidosireniformes. Lepidosirenidae / G. Arratia.