Chechnya: From Past to Future (Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies,Anthem Studies in Peace, Conflict and Development)

The struggle for Chechnya has come to international prominence in recent years through a string of high-profile atrocities such as the hostage seizures at Beslan and the Dubrovka theatre IN Moscow. For the first time, Western, Russian and Chechen perspectives on the conflict are brought together in a single, authoritative new volume, in which leading experts from all sides of the crisis provide a unique insight into its causes and contexts. 'Chechnya: from Past to Future' creates a historical framework against which the most pressing issues raised by the Chechen struggle are considered, including the rights and wrongs of Chechen secessionism, the role of Islamic and Western international agencies in defending human rights, the conduct of the war, changing perceptions of the war against the backdrop of international terrorism, democracy in Chechnya itself and the uncertain fate of democracy in Russia as a whole. Half Title......Page 1 Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Acknowledgements......Page 9 Notes on the Contributors......Page 11 Map 1: Chechnya......Page 16 Map 2: The Caucasus Region......Page 17 1.1 Comparative Debates ......Page 19 1.2 History and State Building......Page 22 1.3 The Question of Chechen Independence ......Page 29 1.4 Peace and War......Page 34 2.1 Major Factors of the Crisis ......Page 39 2.2 The First War, 1994-6......Page 45 2.3 Maskhadov's Regime ......Page 47 2.4 The Second Chechen Campaign......Page 52 2.5 The Policy of the Federal Centre......Page 54 2.6 Towards the Future?......Page 57 3.1 Context and Comparisons......Page 61 3.2 Comparative Factors......Page 65 3.3 Conclusion......Page 80 4. The Chechen War in the Context of Contemporary Russian Politics, by Emil Pain......Page 85 4.1 From the First War to the Second......Page 86 4.2 War and Power......Page 88 4.3 Traditionalism - The Ideological Basis of War and Reform......Page 91 4.4 Generals at War and in Civilian Life......Page 92 5. A Multitude of Evils: Mythology and Political Failure in Chechnya, by Robert Bruce Ware......Page 97 5.1 Myth No. 1: The Chechen Wars have been Separatist Conflicts......Page 98 5.2 Myth No. 2: The War in Chechnya is Unjustified......Page 105 5.3 Myth No. 3: Historical Grievances are to Blame for the War in Chechnya ......Page 106 5.5 Myth No. 5: Russian Security Services are to Blame for the Apartment Block Blasts......Page 108 5.6 Myth No. 6: The Chechen Wars are to Blame for Islamist Extremism and Terrorism in the Region......Page 114 5.7 Myth No. 7: Aslan Maskhadov was a Moderate......Page 116 5.8 Myth No. 8: The Chechen Conflict has been Concluded......Page 120 5.9 Myth No.9: The Conceit of the Chechen Presidency......Page 122 5.10 Myth No. 10: The Reconstruction of Chechnya......Page 131 6. Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War Too Far? by Pavel K Baev......Page 135 6.1 Experience Without Learning, Pain Without Healing......Page 136 6.2 'Chechenization' of the Russian Military......Page 140 6.3 Putin's 'Siloviki' and the Top Brass......Page 144 6.4 Conclusions......Page 147 7. The Chechen Wars and Human Rights in Russia, by Alexander Cherkasov and Dmitry Grushkin......Page 149 7.1 The International Context of the Chechen Wars......Page 150 7.2 Chechnya and the 'War on Terror'......Page 152 7.3 The Role of Human Rights Organizations......Page 153 7.4 Data on the War......Page 157 7.5 Legal Issues......Page 159 7.6 The Work of Human Rights Organizations in the Second Chechen War......Page 161 7.7 International Organizations......Page 163 7.8 The 'Civic Forum' and Order No. 80......Page 165 7.9 The Situation Today......Page 170 8.1 Context......Page 175 8.2 Chechnya and the Concept of Self-detirmination ......Page 177 8.3 Other Explanations......Page 184 8.4 Demodernisation as an Anthropological Phenomenon......Page 188 8.5 Proposals for Post-conflict Reconstruction......Page 193 9.1 Point of Rupture......Page 199 9.2 Dudaev's Regime......Page 202 9.3 The Long Shadow of Violence......Page 208 9.4 Conclusion......Page 213 10. Globalization, 'New Wars' and the War in Chechnya, by Peter Shearman and Matthew Sussex......Page 217 10.1 The Goals of Warfare......Page 219 10.2 The Main Actors in Warfare......Page 224 10.3 Methods of War ......Page 229 10.4 External Actors......Page 232 10.5 The Economics of Warfare......Page 235 10.6 Conclusions......Page 236 11. Western Views of the Chechen Conflict, by Mike Bowker......Page 241 11.1 The Issue of Secession......Page 242 11.2 The First War, 1994-6......Page 246 11.3 The Inter-war Period, 1997-9......Page 247 11.4 The Second War, 1999-2000......Page 249 11.5 International Islamism......Page 250 11.6 The Normalization Process......Page 253 11.7 Relations between Russia and the West......Page 254 11.8 Conclusion......Page 255 12.1 A War Like No Other......Page 257 12.2 Traditional Versus Modernising Societies......Page 262 12.3 Self-Determination Versus Territorial Integrity......Page 266 12.4 The War Against Terrorism......Page 272 12.5 Chechnya - A Black Hole of Lawlessness......Page 277 12.6 Conclusion......Page 280 13. The Peace Process in Chechnya, by James Hughes......Page 283 13.1 Conceptualizing Peace in Chechnya ......Page 284 13.2 Secession: The Core Issue......Page 287 13.3 Fluctuations in the Peace Process......Page 292 13.4 Putin's War and Peace......Page 300 13.5 Conclusion......Page 304 Afterword, by Lord Frank Judd......Page 307 Appendix 1, The Khasavyurt Peace Agreement......Page 313 Appendix 2, Treaty on Peace and the Principles of Mutual Relations between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria......Page 315 Further Reading......Page 317 Front Matter 1 Half Title 1 Title 3 Copyright 4 Dedication 5 Contents 7 Acknowledgements 9 Notes on the Contributors 11 Map 1: Chechnya 16 Map 2: The Caucasus Region 17 Main Body 19 1. Introduction: Why Chechnya? by Richard Sakwa 19 1.1 Comparative Debates 19 1.2 History and State Building 22 1.3 The Question of Chechen Independence 29 1.4 Peace and War 34 2. Chechnya in Russia and Russia in Chechnya, by Dzhabrail Gakaev 39 2.1 Major Factors of the Crisis 39 2.2 The First War, 1994-6 45 2.3 Maskhadov's Regime 47 2.4 The Second Chechen Campaign 52 2.5 The Policy of the Federal Centre 54 2.6 Towards the Future? 57 3. Chechnya and Tatarstan: Differences in Search of an Explanation 61 3.1 Context and Comparisons 61 3.2 Comparative Factors 65 3.3 Conclusion 80 4. The Chechen War in the Context of Contemporary Russian Politics, by Emil Pain 85 4.1 From the First War to the Second 86 4.2 War and Power 88 4.3 Traditionalism - The Ideological Basis of War and Reform 91 4.4 Generals at War and in Civilian Life 92 5. A Multitude of Evils: Mythology and Political Failure in Chechnya, by Robert Bruce Ware 97 5.1 Myth No. 1: The Chechen Wars have been Separatist Conflicts 98 5.2 Myth No. 2: The War in Chechnya is Unjustified 105 5.3 Myth No. 3: Historical Grievances are to Blame for the War in Chechnya 106 5.4 Myth No. 4: The Chechens are to Blame for the Apartment Block Blasts 108 5.5 Myth No. 5: Russian Security Services are to Blame for the Apartment Block Blasts 108 5.6 Myth No. 6: The Chechen Wars are to Blame for Islamist Extremism and Terrorism in the Region 114 5.7 Myth No. 7: Aslan Maskhadov was a Moderate 116 5.8 Myth No. 8: The Chechen Conflict has been Concluded 120 5.9 Myth No.9: The Conceit of the Chechen Presidency 122 5.10 Myth No. 10: The Reconstruction of Chechnya 131 6. Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War Too Far? by Pavel K Baev 135 6.1 Experience Without Learning, Pain Without Healing 136 6.2 'Chechenization' of the Russian Military 140 6.3 Putin's 'Siloviki' and the Top Brass 144 6.4 Conclusions 147 7. The Chechen Wars and Human Rights in Russia, by Alexander Cherkasov and Dmitry Grushkin 149 7.1 The International Context of the Chechen Wars 150 7.2 Chechnya and the 'War on Terror' 152 7.3 The Role of Human Rights Organizations 153 7.4 Data on the War 157 7.5 Legal Issues 159 7.6 The Work of Human Rights Organizations in the Second Chechen War 161 7.7 International Organizations 163 7.8 The 'Civic Forum' and Order No. 80 165 7.9 The Situation Today 170 8. Dynamics of a Society at War: Ethnographical Aspects, by V. A. Tishkov 175 8.1 Context 175 8.2 Chechnya and the Concept of Self-detirmination 177 8.3 Other Explanations 184 8.4 Demodernisation as an Anthropological Phenomenon 188 8.5 Proposals for Post-conflict Reconstruction 193 9. Chechnya: The Breaking Point, by Tom De Waal 199 9.1 Point of Rupture 199 9.2 Dudaev's Regime 202 9.3 The Long Shadow of Violence 208 9.4 Conclusion 213 10. Globalization, 'New Wars' and the War in Chechnya, by Peter Shearman and Matthew Sussex 217 10.1 The Goals of Warfare 219 10.2 The Main Actors in Warfare 224 10.3 Methods of War 229 10.4 External Actors 232 10.5 The Economics of Warfare 235 10.6 Conclusions 236 11. Western Views of the Chechen Conflict, by Mike Bowker 241 11.1 The Issue of Secession 242 11.2 The First War, 1994-6 246 11.3 The Inter-war Period, 1997-9 247 11.4 The Second War, 1999-2000 249 11.5 International Islamism 250 11.6 The Normalization Process 253 11.7 Relations between Russia and the West 254 11.8 Conclusion 255 12. A War by Any Other Name: Chechnya, 11 September and the War Against Terrorism, by John Russell 257 12.1 A War Like No Other 257 12.2 Traditional Versus Modernising Societies 262 12.3 Self-Determination Versus Territorial Integrity 266 12.4 The War Against Terrorism 272 12.5 Chechnya - A Black Hole of Lawlessness 277 12.6 Conclusion 280 13. The Peace Process in Chechnya, by James Hughes 283 13.1 Conceptualizing Peace in Chechnya 284 13.2 Secession: The Core Issue 287 13.3 Fluctuations in the Peace Process 292 13.4 Putin's War and Peace 300 13.5 Conclusion 304 End Matter 307 Afterword, by Lord Frank Judd 307 Appendix 1, The Khasavyurt Peace Agreement 313 Appendix 2, Treaty on Peace and the Principles of Mutual Relations between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 315 Further Reading 317 The Struggle For Chechnya Has Come To International Prominence In Recent Years Through A String Of High-profile Atrocities. For The First Time, Western, Russian And Chechen Perspectives On The Conflict Are Brought Together. Experts From All Sides Of The Crisis Provide An Insight Into Its Causes And Contexts. Introduction: Why Chechnya? / Richard Sakwa -- Chechnya In Russia And Russia In Chechnya / Dzhabrail Gakaev -- Chechnya And Tatarstan: Differences In Search Of An Explanation / Valentin Mikhailov -- The Chechen War In The Context Of Contemporary Russian Politics / Emil Pain -- A Multitude Of Evils: Mythology And Political Failure In Chechnya / Robert Bruce Ware -- Chechnya And The Russian Military: A War Too Far? / Pavel Baev -- The Chechen Wars And The Struggle For Human Rights / Alexander Cherkasov And Dmitry Grushkin -- Dynamics Of A Society At War: Ethnographical Aspects / Valery Tishkov -- Chechnya: The Breaking Point / Tom De Waal -- Globalisation, 'new Wars', And The War In Chechnya / Peter Shearman And Matthew Sussex -- Western Views Of The Chechen Conflict / Mike Bowker -- A War By Any Other Name: Chechnya, 11 September And The War Against Terrorism / John Russell -- The Peace Process In Chechnya / James Hughes. Edited By Richard Sakwa. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [299]-300). Chechnya: from Past to Future provides a historical framework against which it considers the most pressing issues raised by the struggle. These include: the rights and wrongs of Chechen secessionism; the role of Islamic and Western international agencies in defending human rights; the conduct of the war; changing perceptions of the war against the backdrop of international terrorism; democracy in Chechnya itself and the uncertain fate of democracy in Russia as a whole. ' from Past to Future' creates a historical framework against which the most pressing issues raised by the Chenchen struggle are considered, including the rights and wrongs of Chechen secessionism, the role of Islamic and Western international agencies in defending human rights, the conduct of the war, changing perceptions of the war against the backdrop of international terrorism, democracy in Chechnya itself and the uncertain fate of democracy in Russia as a whole.