Chatbot Research and Design: 5th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2021, Virtual Event, November 23–24, 2021, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science Book 13171)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Chatbot Research and Design, CONVERSATIONS 2021, which was held during November 2021.Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held online. The 12 papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 25 submissions. The papers in the proceedings are structured in four topical groups: Chatbot User Insight, Chatbots Supporting Collaboration and Social Interaction, and Chatbot UX and Design. Preface Organization Contents Chatbot User Insight Understanding Users’ Acceptance of Chatbots: An Extended TAM Approach 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses Development 2.1 TAM 2.2 Compatibility, Trust, and Perceived Enjoyment 2.3 Hypotheses 3 Research Method 3.1 Measurement Development, Procedure and Data Collection 4 Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Partial Least Square (PLS) Path Modeling 4.2 Measurement Model (Construct Validity) 4.3 Structural Model 4.4 Content Analysis of Consumers’ Attitudes Toward the Chatbot 5 Discussions and Implications 5.1 Theoretical Implications 5.2 Practical Implications 6 Limits and Future Research Appendix References Expert Insights for Designing Conversational User Interfaces as Virtual Assistants and Companions for Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Related Work 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Materials 2.3 Procedure and Analysis 3 Results: Pros and Cons of CUIs for Older Adults 3.1 CUI's Level of Expertise 3.2 CUI's Emotional Intelligence/Importance of Personalization 3.3 Most Promising CUI Features as Expressed by Experts 3.4 Factors of User Acceptance 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Understanding People's Expectations When Designing a Chatbot for Cancer Patients 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Chatbots for Cancer Patients 2.2 Attribution of Human Characteristics to Chatbots 2.3 Participatory Design in Chatbots 3 Methodology 3.1 Participants 3.2 Study Design 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Activity 1 4.2 Activity 2 4.3 Activity 3 5 Limitations of the Study 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Individualized Learning Patterns Require Individualized Conversations – Data-Driven Insights from the Field on How Chatbots Instruct Students in Solving Exercises 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Related Research on Educational Chatbots 2.2 Theoretical Foundations of Chatbot-Based Instruction 3 Research Design 3.1 Field Setting 3.2 Demographic Background of Study Participants 3.3 Chatbot Software Integrated into the Programming Course 3.4 Data Preprocessing and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Aggregated Chatbot Interaction Statistics 4.2 Comparing Interactions by Task Difficulty 4.3 Identifying Different Types of User Groups 5 Discussion and Implications 6 Conclusion References Chatbots Supporting Collaboration and Social Interaction How Can a Chatbot Support Human Resource Management? Exploring the Operational Interplay 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Human Resource Management 2.2 Chatbots for Organizational Purposes 2.3 An Organizational Perspective on Chatbots? 3 Research Questions 4 Method 4.1 Research Design 4.2 Participants and Recruitment 4.3 The HRM Chatbots 4.4 Interview Guide and Process 4.5 Analysis 5 Results 5.1 Organization’s Motivations for Taking up a Chatbot for the HRM Function 5.2 How the Chatbot Supports the HRM Function 5.3 How the Chatbot Affects the HRM Function 5.4 The HRM Chatbot in the Wider Organizational Context 6 Discussion 6.1 The Operational Interplay Between the Chatbot and the HRM Function 6.2 Implications 6.3 Limitations and Future Work References How to Find My Task? Chatbot to Assist Newcomers in Choosing Tasks in OSS Projects 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Materials 3.2 Procedures 4 Results 4.1 Quantitative Analysis 4.2 Qualitative Analysis of the Open-Questions 5 Discussion 5.1 Limitations 6 Conclusion References Incorporating Social Practices in Dialogue Systems 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Extending the Dialogue Management Systems 3.1 Context 3.2 Meaning 3.3 Expectations 3.4 Activities 4 Exemplifying the Usage 4.1 An Example Scenario with Alternative Dialogues 4.2 Setting up the System for the Scenario 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Socially Aware Interactions: From Dialogue Trees to Natural Language Dialogue Systems 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Social Context 2.2 Social Identity Theory and Social Practice Theory 2.3 Cognitive Social Frames 3 Related Work 3.1 Scripted Dialogues 3.2 Context-Aware Conversational Agents 4 Dialogue System 4.1 Deliberation Cycle 4.2 Application 4.3 Authoring 4.4 Anamnesis Scenario 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Chatbot UX and Design The Impact of Chatbot Linguistic Register on User Perceptions: A Replication Study 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 User Perceptions of Register: the Original Study 4 Data Collection 5 Register Characterization 6 Text Modification 7 User Perceptions Study 7.1 Participants 7.2 Analysis of the Linguistic Features 7.3 Discussion 8 Conclusions References Conversational Agent Voting Advice Applications: A Comparison Between a Structured, Semi-structured, and Non-structured Chatbot Design for Communicating with Voters About Political Issues 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 2.1 Effects of the Chatbot Design 2.2 The Users’ Level of Education 3 Method 3.1 Design 3.2 Participants 3.3 Materials 3.4 Instrumentation and Procedure 4 Results 5 Conclusion 6 Discussion References Social Research with Gender-Neutral Voices in Chatbots – The Generation and Evaluation of Artificial Gender-Neutral Voices with Praat and Google WaveNet 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Perception and Properties of Gender-Specific Voices 2.2 Gender Neutrality 3 Method 3.1 Choice of Production Methods 3.2 Production of the Voices 3.3 Evaluation of the Voices 4 Results 4.1 Gender Perception 4.2 Naturalness and Pleasantness of the Voices 4.3 Confirmation of the Assessments 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Design Matters! How Visual Gendered Anthropomorphic Design Cues Moderate the Determinants of the Behavioral Intention Towards Using Chatbots 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development 2.1 Chatbot Acceptance Research and Definition of the Key UTAUT Determinants 2.2 The Role of Gendered Anthropomorphic Chatbot Design Cues 3 Research Design and Data Collection 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Limitations and Further Research Implications 7 Conclusion References Author Index