Challenge and Change : Global Threats and the State in Twenty-first Century International Politics

This Edited Volume Addresses How The State System, The Organizing Political Institution In World Politics, Copes With Challenges Of Rapid Change, Unanticipated Crises, And General Turmoil In The Twenty-first Century. These Disruptions Are Occurring Against The Background Of Declining Us Influence And The Rising Power Of Countries In Asia, Africa, And Latin America. Traditional Inter-state Security Concerns Coexist With New Security Preoccupations, Such As Rivalries Likely To Erupt Over The Resources Of The Global Commons, The Threat Of Cyber Warfare, The Ever-present Threat Of Terrorism, And The Economic And Social Repercussions Of Globalization. The Contributors Explore These Key Themes And The Challenges Posed By Rapid Change. -- Provided By Publisher. Introduction : A Century Of Challenges / Norma C. Noonan And Vidya Nadkarni -- The End Of The Western Age? The Twenty-first-century Challenges For The West / Norma C. Noonan -- A Russian Perspective On Twenty-first-century Challenges / Tatiana Shakleina -- Challenges To Interstate Security : China And India In The Twenty-first Century / Vidya Nadkarni -- The Economic Dimensions Of Globalization / David Bartlett -- Global Challenges In A Hyper Connected World / Milda K. Hedblom -- Technology And International Security / Andrew Smith -- Terrorism In The Twenty-first Century : Challenges And Policy Conundrum / Dipak K. Gupta -- International Norms In The New Common Spaces : A New Challenge In The Twenty-first Century / Alexey Fenenko -- A Final Word / Norma C. Noonan And Vidya Nadkarni . Norma C. Noonan, Vidya Nadkarni, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 265-282) And Index. Contents 6 Notes on Contributors and Editors 8 List of Figures and Tables 11 Chapter 1: Introduction: A Century of Challenges 13 The Structure of the Book 17 Notes 21 Part I: The Global Context 22 Chapter 2: The End of the Western Age? The Twenty-First-­Century Challenges for the West 23 Introduction 23 The Historical Context: Pre-World War II 24 The Historical Context: 1945 to the Present 25 The USA Becomes a Major Player in International Politics 25 The West and the World in the Twenty-First Century 27 The “Givens”: Opportunities and Challenges in the World Today 29 NATO: A Keystone of Foreign Policy 29 Major Challenges for the West 31 Addressing the Challenges and Opportunities in the Era of Global Disorder 33 The Migrant Crisis 37 Conclusions 39 Postscript 40 Notes 41 Chapter 3: A Russian Perspective on Twenty-First-Century Challenges 45 Definition of Some Basic Categories of States in the Contemporary International System 48 Great Powers of the Twenty-First Century: A New “Concert” or “Selective Engagement”? 49 Great Powers and Regional Subsystems 55 New Geographical Spaces 56 What Lies Ahead? 64 Conclusions 69 Postscript 71 Notes 71 Chapter 4: Challenges to Interstate Security: China and India in the Twenty-First Century 81 Strategic Vision 82 China 82 India 83 Tactical Policies 84 Eschewing Military Alliances? 84 Enhancing Military Strength and Power-Projection Capabilities 86 Creating New Ground Realities 89 Fighting Against Islamic Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Domestic Insurgencies 91 Engaging Selectively with the Global Economy 94 Creating Alternative International Economic Organizations 99 Forging the Least Intrusive Deal on Climate Change 101 Promoting Soft Power 103 Conclusion 104 Notes 106 Part II: Issues and Challenges 114 Chapter 5: The Economic Dimensions of Globalization 115 Introduction 115 Trends in International Trade 117 Rebound from the Great Recession 117 Geographic Structure of Trade 118 Emerging Markets in International Trade 119 Trends in Foreign Direct Investment 120 Foreign Investment after the Global Downturn 120 Inbound Foreign Direct Investment 120 Outbound Foreign Direct Investment 121 Foreign Direct Investment and Emerging Markets 124 Foreign Direct Investment by Non-MNCs 125 Economic Vulnerabilities of Emerging Markets 128 Global Economic Governance 131 Evolution of the World Trade Organization 131 Surge in Regional Trade Agreements 134 Challenges to International Investment Agreements 137 Emerging Markets and the “New Multilateralism” 141 Conclusions 145 International Trade 145 Foreign Direct Investment 146 Global Economic Governance 147 Prospects for the Twenty-First Century 148 Notes 148 Chapter 6: Global Challenges in a Hyper Connected World 151 Introduction 151 The Framework for International Internet Coordination and Internet Governance 152 Two Sets of Issues on the Global Internet Agenda 153 Surveillance States: Child of the Cyber World 156 Growth Path of Mass Surveillance in the USA, Great Britain, and France 157 Growth Path of the Surveillance State in Great Britain 159 Growth Path of the Surveillance State in France 162 Overview on Global Mass Surveillance Networks 164 The Abyss from Which There Is No Return 165 Cyber-Space: War by Other Means? 166 What Is a Cyber War? 168 Cyber Warfare: Critical Junctures Ahead 169 Conclusions 169 Notes 171 Chapter 7: Technology and International Security 173 Introduction 173 What is Technology? 174 Change 175 Challenges 179 Hard Power 180 Economic Power 183 Diplomatic Power 185 Space 187 Policy Challenges 188 Opportunities 192 Conclusions 194 Notes 195 Chapter 8: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Policy Conundrum 202 Introduction 202 The Birth of an Idea 203 Examining the Root Causes: Motivation and Opportunity 206 Factors of Motivation 206 Poverty 206 Income Distribution 207 Unemployment 207 Political Asymmetry/Lack of Democratic Freedom 208 Factors of Opportunity 208 Physical Geography 208 Government Overreaction 208 Raising Money 209 Failed State 209 Migration and Demographic Shift 210 Internet and Communication Revolution 211 The Leadership Factor: The Missing Link 212 The Challenge 215 Freedom of Ideas 215 Freedom of Market 217 Mass Migration 218 Overreaction and Military Solution 219 Conclusions 220 Notes 223 Chapter 9: International Norms in the New Common Spaces: A New Challenge in the Twenty-­First Century 232 Introduction 232 The Oceans 233 Polar Spaces 238 Antarctic Space 239 Arctic Space 241 Air Space 246 Outer Space 248 Conclusions 250 Notes 250 Chapter 10: A Final Word 253 Then and Now 254 Concluding Thoughts 256 Notes 257 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms (with the full term listed first) 258 Bibliography 270 Index 288 Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Introduction: A Century of Challenges....Pages 1-9 Front Matter....Pages 11-11 The End of the Western Age? The Twenty-First-Century Challenges for the West....Pages 13-34 A Russian Perspective on Twenty-First-Century Challenges....Pages 35-70 Challenges to Interstate Security: China and India in the Twenty-First Century....Pages 71-103 Front Matter....Pages 105-105 The Economic Dimensions of Globalization....Pages 107-142 Global Challenges in a Hyper Connected World....Pages 143-164 Technology and International Security....Pages 165-193 Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Policy Conundrum....Pages 195-224 International Norms in the New Common Spaces: A New Challenge in the Twenty-First Century....Pages 225-245 A Final Word....Pages 247-251 Back Matter....Pages 253-287