Ceramic Processing and Sintering (Materials Engineering)

The field’s premiere source, this text/reference is extensively revised and expanded to collect hard-to-find applications, equations, derivations, and examples illustrating the latest developments in ceramic processing technology—providing clear and intensive discussions on colloidal and sol-gel processing, sintering of ceramics, and kinetic processes in materials. Preface to the Second Edition p. v Preface to the First Edition p. vii 1 Ceramic Fabrication Processes: An Introductory Overview p. 1 1.1 Introduction p. 1 1.2 Ceramic Fabrication Processes p. 3 1.3 Production of Polycrystalline Ceramics from Powders: An Overview p. 28 1.4 A Case Study in Processing: The Fabrication of TiO[subscript 2] from Powders p. 41 1.5 Concluding Remarks p. 43 Problems p. 44 References p. 45 2 Synthesis of Powders p. 49 2.1 Introduction p. 49 2.2 Desirable Powder Characteristics p. 49 2.3 Powder Synthesis Methods p. 51 2.4 Powder Preparation by Mechanical Methods p. 52 2.5 Powder Synthesis by Chemical Methods p. 62 2.6 Concluding Remarks p. 118 Problems p. 118 References p. 120 3 Powder Characterization p. 125 3.1 Introduction p. 125 3.2 Physical Characterization p. 126 3.3 Chemical Composition p. 156 3.4 Crystal Structure and Phase Composition p. 162 3.5 Surface Characterization p. 164 3.6 Concluding Remarks p. 176 Problems p. 177 References p. 179 4 Science of Colloidal Processing p. 181 4.1 Introduction p. 181 4.2 Types of Colloids p. 183 4.3 Attractive Surface Forces p. 183 4.4 Stabilization of Colloidal Suspensions p. 190 4.5 Electrostatic Stabilization p. 191 4.6 Steric Stabilization p. 211 4.7 Electrosteric Stabilization p. 222 4.8 Structure of Consolidated Colloids p. 227 4.9 Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions p. 230 4.10 Concluding Remarks p. 242 Problems p. 243 References p. 245 5 Sol-Gel Processing p. 248 5.1 Introduction p. 248 5.2 Types of Gels p. 250 5.3 Sol-Gel Processing of Aqueous Silicates p. 254 5.4 Metal Alkoxides p. 260 5.5 Sol-Gel Processing of Silicon Alkoxides p. 266 5.6 Sol-Gel Preparation Techniques p. 305 5.7 Applications of Sol-Gel Processing p. 315 5.8 Concluding Remarks p. 323 Problems p. 323 References p. 324 6 Powder Consolidation and Forming of Ceramics p. 328 6.1 Introduction p. 328 6.2 Packing of Particles p. 330 6.3 Additives and Ceramic Forming p. 344 6.4 Forming of Ceramics p. 360 6.5 Drying of Granular Ceramics p. 405 6.6 Binder Removal p. 409 6.7 Green Microstructures and Their Characterization p. 418 6.8 Concluding Remarks p. 418 Problems p. 419 References p. 421 7 Sintering of Ceramics: Fundamentals p. 425 7.1 Introduction p. 425 7.2 Driving Force for Sintering p. 427 7.3 Defects in Crystalline Solids p. 428 7.4 Diffusion in Crystalline Solids p. 441 7.5 Chemical Potential p. 451 7.6 Diffusional Flux Equations p. 459 7.7 Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface p. 461 7.8 Diffusion in Ionic Crystals: Ambipolar Diffusion p. 462 7.9 Concluding Remarks p. 466 Problems p. 467 References p. 468 8 Theory of Solid-State and Viscous Sintering p. 470 8.1 Introduction p. 470 8.2 Mechanisms of Sintering p. 471 8.3 Effects of Grain Boundaries p. 473 8.4 Theoretical Analysis of Sintering p. 476 8.5 Scaling Laws p. 477 8.6 Analytical Models p. 482 8.7 Numerical Simulation of Sintering p. 506 8.8 Phenomenological Sintering Equations p. 510 8.9 Sintering Diagrams p. 511 8.10 Sintering with an Externally Applied Pressure p. 514 8.11 The Stress Intensification Factor p. 522 8.12 The Sintering Stress p. 524 8.13 Measurement of the Sintering Stress and Stress Intensification Factor p. 527 8.14 Alternative Derivation of the Sintering Equations p. 530 8.15 Concluding Remarks p. 535 Problems p. 536 References p. 537 9 Grain Growth and Microstructure Control p. 540 9.1 Introduction p. 540 9.2 General Features of Grain Growth p. 541 9.3 Ostwald Ripening: The LSW Theory p. 546 9.4 Topological and Interfacial Tension Requirements p. 554 9.5 Normal Grain Growth in Dense Solids p. 556 9.6 Abnormal Grain Growth in Dense Solids p. 567 9.7 Mechanisms Controlling the Boundary Mobility p. 573 9.8 Grain Growth and Pore Evaluation in Porous Solids p. 585 9.9 Simultaneous Densification and Grain Growth p. 602 9.10 Fabrication Principles for Ceramics with Controlled Microstructure p. 611 9.11 Concluding Remarks p. 614 Problems p. 615 References p. 616 10 Liquid-Phase Sintering p. 620 10.1 Introduction p. 620 10.2 Elementary Features of Liquid-Phase Sintering p. 622 10.3 Stages of Liquid-Phase Sintering p. 624 10.4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors p. 627 10.5 Grain Boundary Films p. 639 10.6 The Basic Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Sintering p. 646 10.7 Hot Pressing with a Liquid Phase p. 670 10.8 Use of Phase Diagrams in Liquid-Phase Sintering p. 671 10.9 Activated Sintering p. 677 10.10 Vitrification p. 678 10.11 Concluding Remarks p. 682 Problems p. 684 References p. 685 11 Special Topics in Sintering p. 688 11.1 Introduction p. 688 11.2 Rayleigh Instability and Microstructural Evolution p. 689 11.3 Inhomogeneities and Their Effects on Sintering p. 693 11.4 Constrained Sintering I: Rigid Inclusions p. 702 11.5 Constrained Sintering II: Adherent Thin Films and Multilayers p. 723 11.6 Thin Films: Grain Growth and Dimensional Stability p. 733 11.7 Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics p. 739 11.8 Sintering with Chemical Reaction: Reaction Sintering p. 754 11.9 Viscous Sintering with Crystallization p. 763 11.10 Concluding Remarks p. 773 Problems p. 774 References p. 775 12 Densification Process Variables and Densification Practice p. 779 12.1 Introduction p. 779 12.2 Conventional Sintering p. 780 12.3 Microwave Sintering p. 818 12.4 Pressure Sintering p. 829 12.5 Concluding Remarks p. 841 Problems p. 841 References p. 843 Appendix A Physical Constants p. 847 Appendix B SI Units--Names and Symbols p. 849 Appendix C Conversion of Units and Decimal Fractions and Multiples p. 851 Appendix D Ionic Crystal Radii (in units of 10[superscript -10] m) p. 853 Appendix E Density and Melting Point of Some Elements, Ceramics, and Minerals p. 855 Appendix F Aperture Size of U.S. Standard Wire Mesh Sieves (ASTM E 11:87) p. 859 Index p. 861

As the field's premiere source, this reference is extensively revised and expanded to collect hard-to-find applications, equations, derivations, and examples illustrating the latest developments in ceramic processing technology. This book is concerned primarily with the processing of polycrystalline ceramics and focuses on the widespread fabrication of ceramics by the firing of consolidated powders forms. A brief treatment of sol-gel processing is also included.

Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition provides clear and intensive discussions on colloidal and sol-gel processing, sintering of ceramics, and kinetic processes in materials. From powder synthesis and consolidation to sintering and densification behavior, this latest edition emphasizes the impact of each processing procedure on ceramic properties. The second edition also contains new and extended discussions on colloid stability, polymer growth and gelation, additives in ceramic forming, diffusion and defect strucutre, normal and abnormal grain growth, microwave sintering, Rayleigh instability effects, and Ostwald ripening.

Illustrating the interconnectedness between the various steps in the overall fabrication route, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition approaches the fundamental issues of each process and show how they are applied to the practical fabrication of ceramics.

Collects various applications, derivations, and examples illustrating the developments in ceramic processing technology. This title provides discussions on colloidal and sol-gel processing, sintering of ceramics, and kinetic processes in materials. It emphasizes the impact of various processing procedures on the properties of the ceramic product.