Central Nervous System Infections in Childhood (International Review of Child Neurology)

This title has been developed with the International Child Neurology Association to provide information on all common CNS infections. It covers almost all CNS infections commonly seen in children across the world including those in developed and resource poor countries. It provides concise, state of the art overview of viral, bacterial, tubercular, fungal, parasitic and many other infections of the CNS. In addition involvement of the CNS secondary to other infections or vaccines has also been briefly covered. A chapter on Principles of Management of CNS Infections provides a practical and pragmatic approach to management of CNS infections in general. A chapter on 'Neuroimaging of CNS Infections' and 'A brief account of Febrile Seizures in Children' is included. The book is intended to be of practical use to residents, physicians, paediatricians and paediatric neurologists across the globe. It should be particularly helpful in providing important information in an easily accessible and comprehensive format, with supporting references. CONTENTS 6 AUTHORS’ APPOINTMENTS 7 FOREWORD 11 PREFACE 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 1 BURDEN OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 14 Viral infections 14 Bacterial infections 16 Parasitic infections 18 Conclusion 19 2 PATHOGENESIS OF CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 21 Blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers 22 Entry of pathogens into the central nervous system 24 Bacteria 26 Parasites 28 Fungi 28 Development of disease: pathogen replication and inflammation in the centralnervous system 29 Summary 30 3 THE PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENTOF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMINFECTIONS 33 Evaluation and diagnosis 33 Emergency management 37 Specific treatment 38 General supportive care 39 Fluid, electrolytes and nutrition 40 Raised intracranial pressure 44 Adjunctive therapy 48 Mechanical ventilation 50 Isolation and infection precautions 50 The patient’s family 51 4 NEUROIMAGING 53 Section 1: Bacterial, Fungal, Tuberculous andParasitic Infections 53 Imaging modalities 53 Imaging clinical syndromes of central nervous system infection 58 Section 2: Viral Infections 75 Herpes encephalitis 79 Arbovirus infections 80 Enteroviruses 82 Human immunodeficiency virus and associated opportunistic viral infections 83 Cytomegalovirus 84 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 85 Other viruses 86 Summary 88 5 CONGENITAL INFECTIONS 92 Epidemiology 92 Clinical manifestations 95 Laboratory findings 97 Microbiological diagnosis 98 Neuroimaging features 99 Prevention and treatment of congenital infections 102 6 FEBRILE SEIZURES 104 Definition 105 Epidemiology 107 Risk factors 107 Genetics 107 Presentation 108 Immediate management and diagnostic evaluation 108 Lumbar punctureStopping a continuing 109 Management 109 The long-term outcome of febrile seizures 110 7 VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS AND MENINGITIS 112 Enterovirus and parechovirus infections 114 Arbovirus encephalitis 118 8 HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS 127 Pathology 128 Pathogenesis 129 Clinical presentation of herpes simplex virus infections of the brain 130 Laboratory considerations for diagnosis 132 Therapy 133 Conclusion 135 9 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS 138 History 139 The virus 139 Transmission and life cycle 140 Epidemiology 140 Pathogenesis 140 Pathology 141 Clinical features 141 Laboratory diagnosis 142 Treatment 143 Sequelae 143 Prevention 143 10 RABIES 149 Epidemiology 149 The virus 150 Pathogenesis 151 Pathology 151 Incubation period 151 Clinical features 151 Laboratory diagnosis 152 Prevention of human rabies 153 Prevention of rabies in animals 158 Public health measures to control rabies 158 11 HIV INFECTIONS 160 Epidemiology 160 Pathogenesis 160 Clinical manifestations 161 Complexities of the disorder 168 Therapeutic and management issues 168 Future directions and new interventions 168 Conclusion 169 12 ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS 173 Aetiology 173 Epidemiology 173 Pathogenesis 175 Pathophysiology 177 Neuropathology 177 Clinical presentation 177 Diagnosis 179 Differential diagnosis 179 Laboratory tests 180 Organism identification 180 Course and complications 183 Neuroimaging in meningitis 185 Treatment 186 Prognosis 190 Prevention 190 13 FOCAL INTRACRANIAL SUPPURATION 194 Brain abscess 195 Subdural empyema 201 Epidural abscess 203 Suppurative intracranial phlebitis 207 Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection 209 14 TUBERCULOSIS 215 Tuberculous meningitis 215 Tuberculoma 225 Spinal tuberculosis 227 15 FUNGAL INFECTIONS 232 Epidemiology 232 Pathogenesis 233 Pathology 233 Clinical features 234 Diagnosis 238 Treatment 240 Prognosis 245 Prevention 245 16 PARASITIC INFECTIONS 247 Malaria 248 Schistosomiasis 254 Toxocariasis 256 Trichinosis 258 Onchocerciasis 260 Nodding syndrome 260 Trypanosomiasis 261 Cystic echinococcosis 264 Paragonimiasis 265 Amoebic brain infections 266 Summary 268 17 NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS 272 Epidemiology 272 Life cycle of the parasite 272 Pathogenesis 273 Clinical manifestations 273 Diagnosis 275 Differential diagnosis 278 Treatment 278 Prognosis 281 Prevention 281 Conclusion 281 18 SPIROCHAETAL INFECTIONS 285 Neuroborreliosis 285 Leptospirosis 288 19 MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS 291 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 291 Other Mycoplasma species 299 20 RICKETTSIAL DISEASE 301 Rickettsia: spotted fever group 302 Rickettsia: typhus group 307 Ehrlichioses 309 Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) 310 21 NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONSCAUSED BY BACTERIAL TOXINS 312 Tetanus 313 Botulism 323 Diphtheria 325 22 POSTINFECTIOUS DISORDERS 332 Pathogenesis 332 Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) 334 Disorders of the peripheral nervous system: Guillain–Barré syndrome and variants 353 INDEX 369 This book has been developed with the International Child Neurology Association to provide information on all common CNS infections in one book. The book covers almost all CNS infections commonly seen in children across the world including those in developed and resource poor countries. It provides concise, state of the art overview of viral, bacterial, tubercular, fungal, parasitic and many other infections of the CNS. In addition involvement of the CNS secondary to other infections or vaccines has also been briefly covered. A chapter on Principles of Management of CNS Infections provides a practical and pragmatic approach to management of CNS infections in general. A chapter on ‘Neuroimaging of CNS Infections'and ‘A brief account of Febrile Seizures in Children'is included. The book is intended to be of practical use to residents, physicians, paediatricians and paediatric neurologists across the globe. It should be particularly helpful in providing important information in an easily accessible and comprehensive format, with supporting references.

This title has been developed with the International Child Neurology Association to provide information on all common CNS infections. It covers almost all CNS infections commonly seen in children across the world including those in developed and resource poor countries. It provides concise, state of the art overview of viral, bacterial, tubercular, fungal, parasitic and many other infections of the CNS. In addition involvement of the CNS secondary to other infections or vaccines has also been briefly covered.The book is intended to be of practical use to residents, physicians, paediatricians and paediatric neurologists across the globe, providing important information in an easily accessible and comprehensive format, with supporting references.

* Written by international team of experts with a vast experience in the field. The authors are from both developed countries including USA and UK and from resource poor countries including India and Kenya. * The book provides up-to-date diagnostic and treatment approaches. * Written succinctly and simply. This new book covers almost all CNS infections commonly seen in children across the world. It provides a concise, state-of-the-art overview of viral, bacterial, tubercular, fungal, parasitic, and many other infections