Cellulose : Development, Processing, and Applications

Cellulose: Development, Processing, and Applications covers topics related to advanced cellulose development and processing, as well as the utilization of major agricultural and biomass waste. It discusses the utilization of cellulose from other agricultural and biomass materials, including oil palm biomass, bamboo, and other non-wood forest products in emerging areas. It covers the treatments used to improve the quality of cellulosic materials in specific applications. Following that, the book delves into the use of cellulosic materials in the application of composting science and technology. Features: Delves into the specific agriculture waste/biomass waste materials used for the advanced cellulose-based production Outlines the potential use of the covered materials for energy production and other emerging applications Includes composting technology and processes using the cellulosic materials Overviews industrial applications of cellulose from agricultural waste/biomass waste and composting technology Discusses the main agricultural waste/biomass in the Asian region This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in chemical engineering, bioprocessing, composites, and biotechnology. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface About the Editors List of Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction References Chapter 2 A Brief Overview of the Use of Bamboo Biomass in the Asian Region's Energy Production Introduction The Benefits of Bamboo as a Potential Source of Biomass An Analysis of the Viability of Bamboo Biomass as a Source of Energy In Comparison with Other Forms of Renewable Energy Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Water Consumption Accessibility Land Usage Restriction Imposed by Technology In Comparison with Other Forms of Energy Crops Methods for Extracting Energy From Bamboo's Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Pyrolysis Gasification Direct Combustion Biochemical Conversion The Present Situation Regarding the Use of Bamboo Biomass for the Generation of Energy Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Vietnam Japan Conclusion References Chapter 3 Pre-Treatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches with Sea Water Improves the Qualities of Lignocellulose Biomass Introduction Oil Palm Biomass: Lignocellulosic Material Characteristics Biomass Fractionation in Sea Water Halophilic Enzymes Challenge Seawater-Based Biocatalysis in Biorefineries Building Components in Lignocellulosic Biorefineries Based on Sea Water Conclusion References Chapter 4 Biorefinery of Biofuel Production: Thermochemical and Biochemical Technologies From Renewable Resources Introduction Biofuel Feedstocks Thermochemical Conversion Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Flash Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Technology Vacuum Pyrolysis Plasma Pyrolysis Hydrothermal Liquefaction Gasification Gasification Parameters Effect of Feedstock Types Effect of Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Catalytic Reaction Biochemical Conversion Pretreatment Physical Pretreatment Chemical Pretreatment Biological Pretreatment Enzymatic Hydrolysis Biofuel Production Via Biochemical Route Bioethanol Biobutanol Biohydrogen Conclusion and Future Outlook References Chapter 5 Review on the Current Updates on Palm Oil Industry and Its Biomass Recycling to Fertilizer in Malaysia Introduction Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia Palm Oil Waste in Malaysia Utilization of Palm Oil Waste Conversion of Palm Oil Waste Into Fertilizer Conclusion and Future Prospect References Chapter 6 Wastewater as Nutrient Enhancer and Moisturizer for Compost Production: A Review Introduction Methodology Industrial Wastewater Characteristics Nutrient Enhancer and Moisturizer in Composting POME Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) Alcohol/Molasses Distillery Wastewater (DSW) Swine Wastewater TL Wastewater Monosodium Glutamate Wastewater (MSGW) Summary of the Wastewater Application for Composting Challenges and Future Perspectives Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 7 Biocomposites as Structural Components in Various Applications Introduction on Biocomposite Natural Fiber as Reinforced in a Biocomposite Modification of Natural Fiber Through Chemical Treatment Biodegradable Polymer Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Biocomposites as Structural Components in Various Applications Structural Components in Automotive Structural Components in Building and Construction Structural Components in Furniture and Decorative Panels Performances of Biocomposite Manufacturing of Biocomposite Compressing Molding Extrusion Injection Molding Long Fiber Thermoplastic-Direct (LFT-D) Method Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Pultrusion Challenges and Opportunities Conclusion References Chapter 8 Natural Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications Introduction Classifications of Natural Fiber Natural Fiber Composites Reinforced Polymer Composites Manufacturing Process Compression Molding Resin-Transfer Molding (RTM) Extrusion Injection Molding Matrix Material Thermoplastic Matrix Thermosets Matrix Applications in Automotive Industry History Advantages of Natural Fiber Composites in Automotive Industry Market Demand and Future Perspectives Conclusion References Chapter 9 Cellulose Nanocrystals From Agro Residues as Reinforcing Agent in Nanocomposites Introduction Sustainability Factors Cellulose Materials Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) Extraction Oxidation Enzymatic Acid Hydrolysis Cellulose Nanocrystals as Nanocomposites Thermal Behavior of Cellulose Nanocrystals Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 All-Cellulose Composites: Processing, Properties, and Applications Introduction Processing Routes Impregnation Partial Surface Dissolution Applications Composites Packaging Fibers and Filaments Bioengineering and Biomedical Materials Dye and Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents Recycling, Sustainability, and Biodegradability Conclusions and Prospects References Chapter 11 Cellulose-Based Bioadhesive for Wood-Based Composite Applications Introduction Cellulose Properties of Cellulose Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Chemical Properties of Cellulose Thermal and Electrical Properties of Cellulose Cellulose Modification for Adhesives Production Cellulose-Based Adhesives for Wood-Based Composites Dialdehyde Cellulose (DAC) Methyl Cellulose Cellulose Nanofibrils Performance of Cellulose-Based Bioadhesive for Wood-Based Composites Challenges and Opportunities Conclusion References Chapter 12 Deriving Renewable Feedstock From Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production Introduction Biodegradable Polymer Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) VFA Generation PHA Production Pathway PHA Accumulating Microorganisms PHA Applications Latest Trends in Producing PHA From POME Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 Recent Developments in Pre-Treatment and Nanocellulose Production From Lignocellulosic Materials Introduction Lignocellulosic Material Classification of Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Nanocellulose Classification of Nanocellulose Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC) Isolation of Nanocellulose Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Pre-Treatment of Cellulosic Material Chemical Pre-Treatment Alkaline Pre-Treatment Biological Pre-Treatment Enzyme-Assisted Hydrolysis Physicochemical Pre-Treatment Hydrothermolysis Mechanical Treatment Homogenization Mechanical Homogenization Chronological Events/Related Studies Conclusion References Chapter 14 Characteristics of Cellulose Nanocrystals From Sugarcane Bagasse Isolated From Various Methods: A Review Introduction Bagasse Cellulose and Nanocellulose Cellulose Cellulose Nanocrystals Cellulose Nanocrystals Isolation Pretreatment Methods on Bagasse Alkaline Treatment Biological Treatment (Enzymatic Method) The Isolation Method of Cellulose Nanocrystals Chemical Treatment (Acid Hydrolysis) TEMPO (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-Oxy) Mechanical Treatment (High-Pressure Homogenization) Mechanical Treatment (High-Intensity Ultrasonication) Characterization of Bagasse Cellulose Nanocrystals Yield Morphology Crystallinity Index Conclusion References Chapter 15 Applications of Regenerated Cellulose Products Introduction Cellulose Insolubility, Dissolution, and Regeneration Process Regenerated Cellulose Products Hydrogel, Aerogel, Xerogel, Cryogel Fibers Membrane and Thin Films Applications Medical Agricultural Automotive Aerospace Textile Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 16 Developments and Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels in the Biomedical Field Introduction Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels: Structure and Properties Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications Drug Delivery Tissue Engineering Wound Dressing and Wound Healing Biomonitoring and Biosensing Conclusion References Chapter 17 Overview of Cellulose Fiber as Materials for Paper Production Introduction Cellulose Fiber Sources Wood Non-Wood Recycled Fiber Rags Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process in Paper Industry Pulping Methodology Mechanical Pulping Chemi-Mechanical Pulping Semi-Chemical Pulping Chemical Pulping Bio Pulping Bleaching Pulp Blending Pulp Beating/Refining Additives Papermaking Forming and Dewatering Pressing Drying Calendering Reeling and Winding Conclusion References Chapter 18 Challenges and State of the Art of Allium Pulp Development for Papermaking: A Brief Review Introduction Allium Peels as Raw Pulp for Paper Papermaking Technology Prospective of Allium Peels as a Paper Pulp Conclusion References Chapter 19 Application of Cellulose in Leather Introduction Leather Processing Beamhouse Tanning Finishing Tanning Retanning Finishing Leather Solid Wastes Application of Cellulose in Leather Processing Cellulose in Tanning Cellulose in Retanning Cellulose in Finishing Composites of Cellulose and Solid Leather Waste Conclusion References Chapter 20 Utilization of Cellulose in Wastewater Treatment Introduction Forms of Cellulose Modification of Cellulose Overview Types of Cellulose Modification Dissolution of Cellulose Allomorphic Modification Derivation of Cellulose Modified Cellulose for Effluent Treatment The Challenge and Concern of Using Cellulose in Wastewater Treatment References Chapter 21 Comparing Properties and Potential of Pinewood, Dried Tofu, and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Pellet as Cat Litter Introduction Materials Source of Biodegradable Cat Litter Methods Odor Recognition Test Results and Discussion Physical Properties Adsorption Rate, Total Volume of Water Adsorption, and Hydration Capacities Odor Sensory Test Conclusion References Chapter 22 Challenges and Future Perspectives References Index This book covers topics related to advanced cellulose development and processing, as well as the utilization of major agricultural and biomass waste. It discusses the utilization of cellulose from other agricultural and biomass materials, the treatments used to improve the quality of cellulosic materials in specific applications.