Cellulase: Types and Action, Mechanism, and Uses (Biotechnology in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine)

Cellulase refers to a class of enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze the cellulolysis (or hydrolysis) of cellulose. The enormous potential that cellulases have in biotechnology is the driving force for continuous basic and applied research on these biocatalysts from fungi and bacteria. Cellulases are found in many fields, such as animal feeding, brewery and wine, food, textile and laundry, pulp and paper products. The growing interest toward the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars has generated an additional request for cellulases and their related enzymes. This book presents research in the study of cellulase, including biotechnological applications of microbial cellulases; using agro-industrial by-products as raw material for cellulase production; and the enzyme saccharification of cereal crop residues using dilute alkali pretreatment CELLULASE: TYPES AND ACTION, MECHANISM AND USES 4 CONTENTS 6 PREFACE 8 Chapter 1 CELLULASES FROM FUNGI AND BACTERIA AND THEIR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 14 ABSTRACT 14 1. INTRODUCTION 15 2. STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE 17 3. CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS 18 4. CELLULASES CLASSIFICATION 20 5. REACTION MECHANISM OF CELLULASE ENZYMES 21 6. THE CELLULOSOME CONCEPT 23 7. CELLULASES OF MESOPHILIC ORIGIN 28 8. CELLULASES OF THERMOPHILIC ORIGIN 37 9. CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF CELLULASE GENES 47 10. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CELLULASES 54 REFERENCES 64 Chapter 2 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES 93 ABSTRACT 94 INTRODUCTION 95 CELLULOSE BIOTECHNOLOGY 96 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES 97 APPLICATION OF CELLULASES 99 FACTORS AFFECTING CELLULASE ENZYME PRODUCTION 103 LIMITATION OF CELLULASE ACTION ON CELLULOSIC BIOMASS 106 HYPERCELLULOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION 107 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 110 REFERENCES 111 Chapter 3 CELLULASES: FROM PRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 122 ABSTRACT 122 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIODEGRADATION: USE OF PLANT BIOMASS FOR CELLULASES PRODUCTION 122 STRATEGIES FOR CELLULASES DETECTION AND PRODUCTION 128 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES 134 REFERENCES 141 Chapter 4 SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION FOR PRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL CELLULASE:AN OVERVIEW 147 ABSTRACT 148 1. INTRODUCTION 149 2. CELLULASE PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS 151 3. SOLID- STATE FERMENTATION (SSF) 152 4. CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF SYSTEM 157 5. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF SYSTEMS 159 6. FERMENTER (BIOREACTOR) DESIGN FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION IN SSF 163 7. BIOMASS CONVERSIONS AND APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL CELLULASES 164 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 166 REFERENCES 166 Chapter 5 ENHANCED ENZYME SACCHARIFICATION OF CEREAL CROP RESIDUES USING DILUTE ALKALI PRETREATMENT 172 ABSTRACT 172 INTRODUCTION 173 METHODS AND MATERIALS 175 RESULTS 179 CONCLUSION 190 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 192 REFERENCES 192 Chapter 6 CELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES ISOLATED FROM BRAZILIAN AREAS: PRODUCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS 196 I. CELLULOSE 198 II. HEMICELLULOSE 200 III. LIGNOCELLULOLITIC ENZYMES 200 IV. CELLULASES APPLICATION 203 V. CELLULASE PRODUCTION 206 V.1. ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION 209 VI. CELLULASE PROPERTIES 213 CONCLUSION 218 REFERENCES 219 Chapter 7 CELLULASES USES OR APPLICATIONS 224 ABSTRACT 224 CELLULASES USES OR APPLICATIONS 225 1. CELLULASES APPLICATIONS 228 2. IN BREWING AND WINE INDUSTRIES 229 3. IN ANIMAL FEED INDUSTRY 229 4. IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY, LEATHER AND LAUNDRY INDUSTRIES 230 5. AGRICULTURE-BASED BIOFUELS 232 6. CELLULASES AND HEMICELLULASES IN PULP AND PAPER BIOTECHNOLOGY 235 7. WASTE WATER TREATMENT 239 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 240 REFERENCES 240 Chapter 8 LIMITATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT ON CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS BY CELLULASE ASSAY AND SEARCH FOR THE TRUE CELLULASE DEGRADING CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE 245 1. ABSTRACT 246 2. INTRODUCTION 247 3. CELLULASE SYSTEM AND CELLULOLYTIC MECHANISM 247 4. SYNERGISM OF CELLULOSE DEGRADATION 249 5. CELLULASE ASSAY AND SUBSTRATE 252 6. POTENTIAL STRATEGY FOR SEEKING TRUE CELLULASE 254 REFERENCES 256 Chapter 9 CELLULASE: TYPES,ACTIONS,MECHANISMS AND USES 264 TYPES 264 ACTIONS 265 MECHANISM 266 USES 267 BIOFUEL 268 WASTE TREATMENT 270 TREATMENT FOR PHYTOBEZOARS 271 DETERGENTS 272 TEXTILE INDUSTRY 272 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 272 FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED 273 CONCLUSION 273 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 273 REFERENCES 273 Chapter 10 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF SNAIL AND TRICHODERMA REESEI CELLULASES ON ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE 278 ABSTRACT 278 1. INTRODUCTION 279 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 279 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 281 CONCLUSION 287 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288 REFERENCES 288 Chapter 11 ENGINEERING THERMOBIFIDA FUSCA CELLULASES: CATALYTIC MECHANISMS AND IMPROVED ACTIVITY 289 ABSTRACT 290 INTRODUCTION 290 ELUCIDATION OF CATALYTIC MECHANISMS 292 ROLES OF CELLULOSE-BINDING MODULES 295 IMPROVEMENT OF CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE HYDROLYSIS 297 IMPROVEMENT IN PROCESSIVITY 299 CONVERTING FREE CELLULASES INTO CELLULOSOME COMPONENTS 300 OTHER CELLULASE PROPERTIES FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION 300 CONCLUSION 302 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 302 REVIEWED BY 302 REFERENCES 303 INDEX 308 Cellulases from fungi and bacteria and their biotechnological applications / A. Morana ... [et al.] Biotechnological applications of microbial cellulases / Sunil Kumar ... [et al.] Cellulases : from production to biotechnological applications / Rodrigo Pires do Nascimento, Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho Solid-state fermentaion for production of microbial cellulase : an overview / Ramesh C. Ray Enhanced enzyme saccharification of cereal crop residues using dilute alkali pretreatment / T. Vancov, S. McIntosh Cellulolytic enzymes isolated from brazilian areas : production, characterization and applications / Heloiza Ferreira Alves do Prado ... [et al.] Cellulase uses or applications / Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud, Tarek Moustafa Limitation of the development on cellulose hydrolysis by cellulase assay and search For the true cellulase degrading crystalline cellulose / Wenzhu Tang ... [et al.] Cellulase : types, actions, mechanisms, and uses / Tzi Bun Ng, Randy Chi Fai Cheung Synergistic effects of snail and trichoderma reesei cellulases on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of lignocellulose / Ding Wenyong, Chen Hongzhang Engineering thermobifida fusca cellulases : catalytic mechanisms and improved activity / Thu V. Vuong, David B. Wilson.