Cell Entry by Non-Enveloped Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Volume 343)

The means by which non-enveloped viruses penetrate cellular membranes during cell entry remain poorly defined. Recent findings indicate several members of this group share a common mechanism of membrane penetration in which the virus particle undergoes programmed conformational changes, leading to capsid disassembly and release of small membrane-interacting peptides. A complete understanding of host cell entry by this minimal system will help elucidate the mechanisms of non-enveloped virus membrane penetration in general Cell Entry by Non-Enveloped Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Volume 343)......Page 1 Front-matter......Page 2 Cell Entry by Non-Enveloped Viruses......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 References......Page 8 Contents (with page links)......Page 10 Contributors......Page 12 Flock House Virus: A Model System for Understanding Non-Enveloped Virus Entry and Membrane Penetration......Page 15 1 Introduction......Page 16 2.1 FHV Expression Systems......Page 17 2.2 Capsid Structure......Page 18 2.3 Capsid-RNA Interactions......Page 19 2.4 Autocatalytic Cleavage and Production of the Gamma Peptide......Page 20 2.5 Structure and Organization of the gamma Peptides......Page 22 2.6 Metal Ion Binding Sites......Page 23 3 Early Events During FHV Cell Entry......Page 25 4.1 Structure-Based Model of FHV Membrane Penetration......Page 26 4.2 In Vitro Studies of FHV Membrane Penetration......Page 27 4.4 FHV Autoproteolytic Cleavage Is Required for Membrane Disruption......Page 28 4.6 Do Particle-Associated or Released gamma Peptides Mediate Membrane Interactions?......Page 29 5.1 The Eluted Particle: A Putative Entry Intermediate......Page 30 6 Functional Domains of gamma Involved in Entry......Page 31 6.2 Entry Related Function of gamma C-Terminus......Page 32 6.4 Structure: Function Correlation of FHV Mutants......Page 33 6.5 Does Quasi-Symmetry Dictate Separate Roles for gamma from Different Subunits?......Page 34 References......Page 35 1 Immunity Against Human Calicivirus Infection and Prospects for a Vaccine......Page 37 2 Calicivirus Structure......Page 40 3 Feline Calicivirus Interactions with Its Receptor......Page 42 4 Interaction Between Noroviruses and Polysaccharides......Page 44 5 Attenuation of NMV-1 Pathogenesis......Page 46 6 The Cryo-TEM Structure of the T=3 MNV-1 Capsid......Page 47 7 The Cryo-TEM Structure of MNV-1 Complexed with Fab ́s......Page 49 References......Page 51 Picornaviruses......Page 56 1 Introduction to Picornaviruses......Page 57 2 Structure of Picornavirus Particles......Page 59 3 Picornavirus Receptors......Page 61 3.1 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Receptors: VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PVR, CAR......Page 62 3.3 LDLR Family......Page 63 3.5 HAV Cellular Receptor (TIM-1)......Page 64 3.8 Co-Receptors......Page 65 3.9.1 FMDV and Other Integrin-Binding Viruses......Page 66 3.9.4 CD155/PVR as a Factor in Poliovirus Pathogenesis......Page 67 4 Endocytosis and Sites of Uncoating......Page 68 4.1.1 Aphthoviruses......Page 69 4.1.2 Minor Group Human Rhinoviruses......Page 70 4.1.3 Major Group Human Rhinoviruses......Page 71 4.1.5 Role of Endosomal pH......Page 72 4.2.1 Echovirus 1......Page 74 4.2.2 Coxsackie B3: Role of Co-Receptors......Page 75 4.3 Noncaveolin Nonclathrin Mediated Endocytosis: Poliovirus......Page 76 4.4 Concluding Remarks on Picornavirus Endocytosis......Page 77 5.1 Enteroviruses......Page 78 5.2 Aphthoviruses......Page 84 6.1.2 Virus-Induced Membrane Permeability......Page 85 6.1.4 Role for Released VP4......Page 86 6.2 Models for Entero/Rhinovirus Membrane Penetration......Page 87 6.3 Membrane Penetration by Other Picornaviruses......Page 88 7 Overall Conclusions......Page 89 References......Page 90 From Touchdown to Transcription: The Reovirus Cell Entry Pathway......Page 103 1 Introduction......Page 104 2 Structural Analysis of Reovirus Virions and Attachment Protein sigma1......Page 105 3 Reovirus Attachment Is Mediated by Cell-Surface Sialic Acid and Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A......Page 108 4 Internalization of Reovirus Virions into the Endocytic Pathway Is Mediated by beta1 Integrins......Page 110 5 Removal of Outer-Capsid Protein sigma3 by Cathepsin Proteases Initiates the Reovirus Disassembly Cascade......Page 113 6 Penetration of Endosomal Membranes by Reovirus Is Mediated by Outer-Capsid Protein mu1......Page 115 7 Reovirus Entry Evokes Innate Immune Responses that Trigger Cell Death......Page 119 8 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 121 References......Page 124 Rotavirus Cell Entry......Page 132 1 Introduction......Page 133 2 Rotavirus Structure......Page 135 2.3 VP8* Structure......Page 137 2.4 VP5* Structure......Page 138 2.6 VP7 Capsid Layer......Page 139 2.7 VP6 Layer......Page 141 3.1 Proteolytic Priming......Page 142 3.2 Endocytosis or Direct Penetration......Page 143 3.3 Membrane Permeabilization......Page 144 3.4 Uncoating......Page 145 3.5 Rotavirus Receptors......Page 146 4 Structural Insights into Cell Entry......Page 148 4.1 Trypsin-Induced Order-to-Disorder Transformation in VP4......Page 149 4.2 Initial Cell Attachment: VP8*-SA Interactions......Page 150 4.3 Entry-Related Structural Gymnastics of the VP4 Spike......Page 151 5 Conclusions......Page 152 References......Page 153 Structures and Functions of Parvovirus Capsids and the Process of Cell Infection......Page 160 1 Parvoviruses: Capsid Structures, Assembly and DNA Packaging......Page 161 2 Dynamic Properties of the Parvovirus Capsid Structure and Cell Infection......Page 166 3 Receptor Binding, Structural Effects, and Internalization from the Cell Surface......Page 169 3.1 Binding Site Insertion and Retargeting......Page 170 4 Antibody Binding and Capsid Structures and Functions......Page 172 5 Endosomal Uptake, Signaling, and Infection......Page 174 5.1 Trafficking Within the Endosomal System......Page 175 5.3 Capsid Structural Changes and Endosomal Escape......Page 176 6 Viral Trafficking in the Cytoplasm......Page 177 7 Nuclear Trafficking and DNA Release......Page 178 8 Summary and Future Challenges......Page 180 References......Page 181 Cellular Entry of Polyomaviruses......Page 188 1 Introduction......Page 189 2 Engaging the Host Cell Receptor......Page 191 3 Trafficking to the ER......Page 193 4 Penetration Across the ER Membrane......Page 197 5 Nuclear Entry and Genome Release......Page 200 References......Page 201 Adenovirus......Page 206 1 Structural Features of Adenovirus......Page 207 2 Adenovirus Receptor Interactions......Page 209 2.1 Interactions with the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor......Page 210 2.2 Interactions with CD46......Page 211 2.4 Alternative Routes of Adenovirus Attachment to Cells......Page 212 3 Adenovirus Internalization......Page 213 4 Uncoating of Adenovirus Particles......Page 215 4.1 Vertex Dissociation from the Adenovirus Capsid......Page 216 4.2 Adenovirus Uncoating in the Endosome......Page 218 4.3 Identification of Membrane Lytic Factors of Adenovirus......Page 219 4.4 Role of Acidic pH in Adenovirus Entry......Page 222 4.6 Uncoating at the Nuclear Pore Complex......Page 225 5 Conclusions......Page 226 References......Page 227 Index......Page 236 Non enveloped viruses constitute an important class of medically significant pathogens. They encode their proteins in single (ss) and double strand (ds) RNA and DNA genomes and display a variety of sizes and structures. In this volume experts in the field provide up to date descriptions of many characteristics associated with the ssRNA noda, picorna and calciviruses, the dsRNA reo and rotaviruses, the ssDNA parvoviruses and the dsDNA polyoma and adenoviruses. While many aspects of these viruses have been addressed previously, this volume specifically focuses on the issue of their entry into cells, with particular attention to the translocation of the viral genome through a membrane, without the aid of inter-membrane fusion that is common and reasonably well understood in enveloped viruses. Sufficient detail has been revealed in most of the viruses discussed in this volume to establish a credible argument for convergent evolution. A variety of mechanisms are described to generate and tightly control the exposure of a fusion-like peptide or an entire gene product that facilitates membrane permeation and genome delivery into the cytoplasm and, for the DNA viruses, the nucleus. Since there is no viral membrane to fuse with the cellular membrane, the events at this interface are different from those associated with enveloped viruses and with the various fusion events associated with normal cellular function. Thus, while the factors critical for this process to occur have been well established for many of these viruses, a specific mechanism for genome penetration is yet to be determined. We believe that this volume will provide a reference of enduring value for the non enveloped virus field and our hope is that the focus on entry and genome translocation across a cellular membrane will stimulate new ideas and mechanistic studies of this critically important process. Preface / John E. Johnson, Peter K. Vogt -- Flock House Virus : A Model System For Understanding Non-enveloped Virus Entry And Membrane Penetration / Amy Odegard, Manidipa Banerjee And John. E. Johnson -- The Calciviruses / Umesh Katpally And Thomas J. Smith -- Picornaviruses / Tobias J. Tuthill ... [et Al.] -- From Touchdown To Transcription: The Reovirus Cell Entry Pathway / Pranav Danthi ... [et Al.] -- Rotavirus Cell Entry / Matthew Baker And B.v. Venkataram Prasad -- Structures And Functions Of Parvovirus Capsids And The Process Of Cell Infection / Colin R. Parrish -- Cellular Entry Of Polyomaviruses / Billy Tsai And Mengding Qian -- Adenovirus / Jason G. Smith ... [et Al.]. John E. Johnson, Editor. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.