Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 16: Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration, Therapy and Drug Discovery (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1387)

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions. This book series 'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)' as part of Springer Nature’s longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 16th volume of a continuing series. Chapter "Epithelial Stem Cells: Making, Shaping and Breaking the Niche" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. Preface Contents Epithelial Stem Cells: Making, Shaping and Breaking the Niche 1 Introduction 2 Making the Niche: Stem Cell Progeny as Niche Components 3 Being the Niche: Stem Cell-Derived Proteins as Niche Components 4 Regulating the Niche: Stem Cell Signals to the Microenvironment 5 Subverting the Niche: Carcinogenesis and Metastasis 6 Conclusions References Parathyroid Cell Differentiation from Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells: Development, Molecular Mechanism, Function, and Tissue ... 1 Introduction 2 PTH Mechanism and Biosynthesis 3 Development of Parathyroid Glands 4 Derivation of Parathyroid Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells 5 Derivation of Parathyroid Cells from Various Cell Sources 6 Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Parathyroid Tissue Engineering 7 Conclusion References Regenerative Medicine Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 1 Introduction 2 Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sources 3 Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy 4 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases 5 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Lung Diseases 6 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Kidney Diseases 7 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Gastrointestinal Diseases 8 Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Cancer 9 Conclusion References Identification of Small Molecules That Enhance the Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Originating from Bone Marrow 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Animals and Ethical Approval 2.2 MSC Isolation, Culture, and Characterization 2.3 MSC CFU-F Assay 2.4 Small Molecule Treatments 2.5 MSC Growth Analysis 2.6 Cell Cycle Analysis 2.7 Apoptosis Analysis 2.8 RNA Isolation, cDNA Preparation and RT-PCR 2.9 Statistics 3 Results 3.1 Analysis and Growth of Primary Bone Marrow MSCs 3.2 Screening of Small Molecules in BM-MSC Expansion 3.3 Small Molecule Treatment Enhances Cell Cycle in BM-MSCs 3.4 Small Molecule Treatment Alters CDKI and S-Phase Related Gene Expression in MSCs 4 Discussion References Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models for Studying Sex-Specific Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Sex as a Risk Factor in CNS Diseases 2.1 Alzheimer ́s Disease 2.2 Parkinson ́s Disease 2.3 Motor Neuron Diseases 2.4 Multiple Sclerosis 2.5 Other CNS Diseases 3 Mechanisms Implicated in Sex Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases 3.1 Sex and Genetic Factors 3.2 Sex Hormones 3.3 Inflammation 3.4 Neurotrophin Signaling 4 Model Systems to Study Sex-Specific Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases 4.1 Importance of Human Model Systems 4.2 Sex of the Cell Matters 4.3 Utilization of Human Cellular Platforms for Sex-Specific Differences 4.3.1 Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cell-Derived Neural Systems 4.3.2 Direct conversion of Somatic Cells to Neurons and Glial Cells 4.3.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Based Systems Can Be Utilized to Assess Sex-Specific Differences Genetic Manipulation of iPSCs to Generate Isogenic Controls Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeling Limitations of Human lpsc-based Models to Study Biological Sex-Linked Differences in Culture 5 Concluding Remarks References Current Status, Barriers, and Future Directions for Humanized Mouse Models to Evaluate Stem Cell-Based Islet Cell Transplant 1 Introduction 2 Stem Cell-Based Islet Cell Transplantation 3 Immune Responses 4 Differences in Human and Murine Immune Systems 5 Current Humanized Mouse Models 5.1 Immunodeficient Mice: Suitable Homes for a Human Immune System? 5.2 Approaches to Engraftment 6 Humanized Mouse Models to Study Stem Cell-Based Islet Cell Transplantation 6.1 Current Evidence 6.2 Future Directions 7 Conclusion References Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Practice and Possible Promises 1 Introduction 1.1 Osteoarthritis (OA): Biochemical and Biomechanical Modification of the Joint 2 Cell/Stem Cell Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis (OA): A Brief Scientific Overview 2.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 2.2 Safety Issues That Pertain to Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Use in Regenerative Medicine 2.3 Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) on Symptomatic and Radiologic Osteoarthritis (OA) 3 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Administration Routes 4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): A New Cell-Free Therapeutic for Osteoarthritis (OA) 5 Therapeutic Effects of Apoptotic MSCs 6 How Can Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Be More Involved in the Process of Tissue Regeneration? 7 Preclinical Data on Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA) and Cartilage Defects 8 Clinical Trials of Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) for Osteoarthritis (OA) Treatment 9 Proposed Mechanisms of Action by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA) 10 Future of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Directed Therapeutics for Osteoarthritis References The Historical Relationship Between Meis1 and Leukemia 1 Introduction 1.1 Leukemia 1.1.1 Leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs) and Leukemia-Initiating Cells (LICs) 1.1.2 Biomarkers of Leukemia Stem Cells in AML and ALL 1.1.3 AML and LSC 1.1.4 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and LSC 1.2 MEIS1 1.2.1 The Role of MEIS1 on Normal Hematopoiesis 1.2.2 The Oncogenic Role of MEIS1 in Leukemia 1.3 Relapse-Refractory AML/ALL and MEIS1 1.4 Molecular Mechanism of Leukemia Associated with MEIS1 1.4.1 Relationship of MLL with MEIS1, HoxA9, and PBX 1.4.2 Relation with FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) with MEIS1, HoxA9, and PBX 1.4.3 Effect of MEIS1 Protein in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis 1.5 Leukemia Stem Cells (LSCs) Inhibition Methods 1.5.1 Targeting Surface Markers Expressed by LSCs 1.5.2 Targeting the LSC Microenvironment 1.5.3 Targeting the MEIS1 Protein via Small Molecules Called MEIS1i 1.5.4 Other Methods for the Elimination of LSCs 2 Conclusions References An Overview of Zebrafish Modeling Methods in Drug Discovery and Development 1 Introduction 2 A Prominent In Vivo Model 3 Ethical Principles 4 Human Disease Modeling Strategies in Zebrafish 4.1 Experimental Environment 4.2 Chemicals 4.3 Approaches for Genetic Manipulation 4.3.1 N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU) 4.3.2 Insertional Mutagenesis 4.3.3 Transgenic Methods 4.3.4 Morpholino 4.3.5 RNAi (RNA Interference) and Capped Messenger RNA (mRNA) 4.3.6 Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) 4.3.7 Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) 4.3.8 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 (Cas9) 4.4 Bacterial Pathogenesis 4.4.1 Mycobacterium Marinum 4.4.2 Shigella Flexneri 4.4.3 Staphylococcus Aureus 4.4.4 Salmonella Typhimurium 4.4.5 Aeromonas Hydrophila 5 Resultant Drugs from Disease Modeling on Zebrafish 6 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Cellular Stress Responses in Oocytes: Molecular Changes and Clinical Implications 1 Introduction 1.1 The Vulnerable Oocyte and the Increasing Prevalence of Infertility 2 Heat Shock Proteins and Cell Stress Responses 3 Expression and Abundance of HSP in Oocyte and Their Surrounding Somatic Cells 4 Heat Shock Proteins, UPRs, and ER Stress in Oocytes 4.1 Mechanisms of UPRer 4.2 Constitutive Role of HSPs and UPRer in Oocytes 4.3 The Role of HSPs and UPRer Under Stress Conditions 5 HSPs, UPRs, and Mitochondrial Stress in Oocytes 6 Consequences of UPRer and UPRmt in Oocytes on Further Embryo Development 7 Therapeutic Applications Linked with Cellular Stress in Oocytes and Embryos 8 Conclusions References Index