Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 15: Stem Cells in Tissue Differentiation, Regulation and Disease (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1376)

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions. This book series 'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)' as part of Springer Nature’s longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 15th volume of a continuing series. Preface Contents Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pathogenicity on the Central Nervous System: Bridging Experimental Probes to Clini... 1 Introduction 2 The Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 2.1 Current Evidence for the Potential Neuroinvasion Routes of SARS-CoV-2 2.1.1 Hematogenic Route 2.1.2 Neurogenic Route 2.2 CNS Targets of SARS-CoV-2 2.2.1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 2.2.2 Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 2.2.3 Basigin 2.2.4 Transmembrane Serine Proteases 2.2.5 Neuropilin-1 2.2.6 Cathepsins 3 SARS-Cov-2-Triggered Neuroinflammation 3.1 Mechanisms of Immune-Mediated Neuronal Damage 3.1.1 SARS-Cov-2-Mediated Cytokine Storm 3.1.2 Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption 3.1.3 Adaptive Immunity Responses 3.1.4 Autoimmunity 3.2 Compartmentalized Neuroglial Responses 3.2.1 Astrocyte Responses 3.2.2 Microglial Responses 3.2.3 Neuronal Responses 3.3 Clinical Spectrum of Neuroinflammatory Syndromes 3.3.1 Meningitis/Encephalitis 3.3.2 Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE) 3.3.3 Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM) 3.3.4 Acute Necrotizing Myelitis (ANM) 3.3.5 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 3.4 Illustrative Case 1 4 SARS-Cov-2 Priming Effects in Neurodegeneration 4.1 Mechanisms Linking SARS-Cov-2 to Neurodegenerative Diseases 4.1.1 Inflammatory Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration 4.1.2 Accelerated Neurosenescence 4.2 Alteration of Clinical Trajectories in Neurodegenerative Diseases 4.3 Illustrative Case 2 5 Therapeutic Approaches Counteracting Neuronal Damage 6 Conclusion References The Probable Protective Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Inflammation of the Airway and Lung in COVID-19 Treatment: A Precl... 1 Introduction 2 Laser Therapy 2.1 Overview 2.2 Methods 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Methodological Quality 3.2 Meta-Analysis 3.3 Sensitivity Analyses 4 Discussion 4.1 Overview 4.2 Clinical Implications 5 Concluding Remarks References Metabolomics Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Infection 1 Introduction 2 Novel Corona Viral Infection 3 Metabolic Pathways in Immune System Activation 4 Switching Host Metabolism by Novel Coronavirus 2019 4.1 Carbon Metabolism 4.2 Lipid Metabolism 4.3 Nucleic Acid Metabolism 4.4 Protein Metabolism 5 The Importance of Metabolomics in Investigating Viral-Host Interactions 6 Therapeutic Suggestions Targeting Metabolic Pathways 7 Conclusion and Looking Forward References Autophagic Mediators in Bone Marrow Niche Homeostasis 1 Introduction 2 The Bone Marrow Niche Topography 3 Niche Maintenance and Functionality: A Matter of Intramural Mediators and Autophagic Surveillance 4 The Autophagic Apparatus and Bone Marrow Elements: Elective Affinities for Niche Dynamics 5 p62 (Sequestosome 1/SQSTM1) as Bone Marrow Homeostatic Moderator 6 The Role of Atg7 (Autophagy-Related Protein 7) in Bone Marrow Dynamics 7 Conclusions References Pluripotency Stemness and Cancer: More Questions than Answers 1 Developmental Potency and Stemness 2 Pluripotency Stemness Regulatory Network 3 Core Pluripotency Transcription Factors in Cancer 3.1 Pluripotency Transcription Factors in Cancer Stemness 4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Cancer Cells 4.1 Why? 4.2 Epigenetic Parallels Between iPSCs and iPCCs 5 Dose Dependency of Pluripotency Factors 6 Conclusion References In Vitro Culturing of Adult Stem Cells: The Importance of Serum and Atmospheric Oxygen 1 Introduction 2 Sources of Adult Stem Cells 2.1 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells 2.2 Muscle Stem Cells 2.3 Testicular Stem Cells 2.4 Neural Stem Cells 3 The Effect of Serum on Stem Cell Growth 3.1 Muscle Stem Cells 3.2 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells 3.3 Testicular Stem Cells 3.4 Neural Stem Cells 4 The Effect of Hypoxia on Stem Cell Growth 4.1 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells 4.2 Muscle Stem Cells 4.3 Testicular Stem Cells 4.4 Neural Stem Cells 5 The Effect of Serum in Culture Medium and Atmospheric Oxygen Concentration on Stem Cell Differentiation 5.1 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells 5.2 Muscle Stem Cells 5.3 Testicular Stem Cells 5.4 Neural Stem Cells 6 Conclusions References Mouse Models of Asthma: Characteristics, Limitations and Future Perspectives on Clinical Translation 1 Introduction 1.1 Immune Response to Allergens 1.2 Mouse Models of Asthma 1.2.1 Genetic Background of Mice 1.2.2 Allergens 1.2.3 Sensitization and Challenge Protocols 1.3 Similarities and Differences Between Murine Models and Human Asthma 1.4 Cytokines: From Mouse Models to Human Asthma 1.5 Humanized Animal Models of Asthma 2 Conclusion References From Cells to Organs: The Present and Future of Regenerative Medicine 1 Introduction 2 Cells: Regenerative Medicine for Sickle Cell Disease 2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant 2.2 Gene Therapy 2.3 The Challenge of Gene Therapy for SCD 3 Tissue: Repairing Articular Cartilage Injuries 3.1 The Current Treatments and Limitations 3.2 Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Injuries 4 Organ: Kidney Regeneration 4.1 Organoids 4.2 Wearable Artificial Kidney 5 Disease Modeling with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 5.1 iPSC-Based Modeling of Hepatobiliary Diseases 5.2 The Current Limitation of iPSCs in Regenerative Applications 6 Concluding Remarks References Tissue-Restricted Stem Cells as Starting Cell Source for Efficient Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Overview 1 Introduction 2 NSCs 3 HSCs 4 MSCs 4.1 Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) 4.2 Dental Pulp-Derived MSCs 4.3 Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs 4.4 Hair Follicle-Derived MSCs 4.5 MSCs of Fetal Origin 4.5.1 Amniotic Fluid-Derived MSCs 4.5.2 Amniotic Tissue-Derived MSCs 4.5.3 Wharton ́s Jelly-Derived MSCs 5 LESCs 6 SSCs 7 Conclusion References Molecular Mechanisms behind Persistent Presence of Parvovirus B19 in Human Dilated Myocardium 1 Background 2 Methods 2.1 Selection of the Patients 2.2 Baseline Characteristics of Patients 2.3 Preparation of Endomyocardial Biopsies (EMBs) and Blood Samples 2.4 Separation of EMBs According to the Expression of PVB19 2.5 Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Assays of EMBs 2.6 Digital Evaluation of Histochemical and Immunohistochemical EMB Staining 2.7 ELISA Assays in EMBs and Serums 2.8 Statistical Analyses 2.9 Ethical Approval 3 Results 3.1 Summary of Chosen Biomarkers in EMBs and Serums 3.2 The Inflammation in PVB19-Positive and PVB19-Negative DCM Myocardiums 3.3 The Fibrosis in PVB19-Positive and PVB19-Negative DCM Myocardiums 3.4 The Apoptosis in PVB19-Positive and PVB19-Negative DCM Myocardiums 3.5 The Necrosis in PVB19-Negative and PVB19-Positive Myocardiums 3.6 The Correlation Analysis of Apoptotic and Fibrotic Biomarkers in PVB19-Positive Myocardiums 3.7 The Correlation Analysis of Secreted Biomarkers in PVB-Positive Patients ́ Serums 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Index