Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 14: Stem Cells in Lineage Specific Differentiation and Disease (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1347)

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions. This book series 'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)' as part of Springer Nature’s longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 14th volume of a continuing series. Preface 6 Contents 7 Recent Advances in the Generation of β-Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Potential Cure for Diabetes Mellitus 9 1 Introduction 10 2 iPSCs 11 3 Differentiation of iPSCs to iβ-cells 13 4 Promotion of Differentiation of iPSCs into iβ-cells 20 5 Influence of Microenvironment on the Differentiation of iPSCs to iβ-cells 24 6 Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery 24 7 Applications of Genome Editing in the Promotion of iPSCs to iβ-cells 29 8 Current Challenges and Future Prospects 29 References 31 Differentiated Cells Derived from Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Applications in Translational Medicine 36 1 Introduction 37 2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells 37 2.1 Origin of HSCs and Their Characterization 37 2.2 Different Sources of HSCs 37 2.3 Phenotypic Analysis of Different Stages of HSCs ́ Differentiation and Maturation 40 3 Challenges Faced While Using In Vitro Generated Differentiated Cells as an Alternative to Those Directly Obtained from UCB o... 40 4 Cord Blood Is a Superior Source of In Vitro Generated HSCs and HPCs 42 5 In Vitro Differentiated Hematopoietic Cells for Clinical Applications 42 5.1 T Cells 42 5.2 Dendritic Cells 43 5.3 Megakaryocytes and Platelets 43 5.4 Natural Killer Cells 43 5.5 Red Blood Cells 44 6 Efficient Cryopreservation of In Vitro Generated Differentiated Blood Cells Is Crucial for Their Therapeutic Use 44 7 Future Prospects of Stem Cell-Derived Differentiated Cells in Therapeutics 45 References 46 Organoids in Tissue Transplantation 51 1 Introduction 52 2 Requirement of Organoids 53 3 Organoid Models for Tissue Transplantation and Applications 55 4 Conclusion 62 References 63 Aldo Keto Reductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 in Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Networks 71 1 Introduction to AKRs, Substrate Classification and Catalytic Activity 71 2 AKRs in Cancer 74 2.1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 75 2.2 Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC) 76 2.3 Breast Carcinoma 77 2.4 Lung Cancer 77 2.5 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PAAD) 79 3 Molecular Mechanisms and Dysregulated AKR Signaling in Cancer 79 3.1 Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Chemoresistance 79 3.2 Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) 82 3.3 Nutrient Sensing Pathways 83 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 84 References 84 Bilayer Scaffolds for Interface Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: A Systematic Reviews 89 1 Introduction 90 2 Methods 91 2.1 Eligibility Criteria 91 2.2 Source of Information and Search 91 2.3 Study Selection 92 2.4 Population Selection 92 3 Results 92 3.1 Study Selection 92 4 Osteochondral Tissue 93 4.1 Mouse 93 4.2 Rat 98 4.3 Rabbit 98 4.4 Pig 100 4.5 Goat 100 4.6 Sheep 100 4.7 Horse 100 5 Bone 101 5.1 Rabbit 101 6 Skin 101 6.1 Mouse 101 6.2 Rat 105 6.3 Rabbit 105 6.4 Pig 105 7 Vessels 106 7.1 Mouse 106 7.2 Rat 106 7.3 Rabbit 106 8 Urinary Bladder 108 8.1 Rat 108 8.2 Rabbit 108 8.3 Dog 108 9 Nervous System 108 10 Discussion 111 11 Conclusion 115 References 115 Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons as In Vitro Models for Studying Autosomal Recessive Parkinson ́s Disease (ARPD): PLA2G6 a... 120 1 Introduction 121 2 Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism 121 2.1 PLA2G6 (PARK14) 122 2.1.1 PLA2G6 and Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) 124 2.2 Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 124 2.3 ATP13A2, FBXO7, SPG11 and POLG 125 3 Common Pathways in ARPD 125 3.1 Mitochondrial Pathways 126 3.2 Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathways 126 3.3 Cell Death and Oxidative Stress 127 4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) in Parkinson ́s Disease Research 127 4.1 iPSC-Derived Two-Dimensional (2D) and Three-Dimensional (3D) Culture Models of ARPD 129 5 Limitations to iPSC-Based Disease Modeling of PD 131 6 Conclusions 132 Bibliography 132 Stem Cell Applications in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Progress and Ongoing Challenges 139 1 Introduction 140 2 Effects of LSDs on Stem Cell Function 144 3 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in LSDs 145 4 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy for Treatment of LSDs 147 5 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Applications in LSDs 150 6 MSC Gene Therapy for Treatment of LSDs 152 7 Neural Stem Cell Applications in LSDs 154 8 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Applications in LSDs 157 9 Challenges and Final Remarks: Two May Be Better than One 159 References 161 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Use of Nanoparticle Delivery to Overcome Resistance in Breast Cancers 167 1 Introduction 168 2 Breast Cancer and Drug Resistance 169 2.1 Breast Cancer-Associated Receptors 169 2.1.1 Estrogen Receptor 170 2.1.2 Progesterone Receptor 170 2.1.3 Human Epithelial Receptor 2 170 2.1.4 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 170 3 Therapeutic Targets and Drug Resistance 171 3.1 Breast Cancer-Associated Receptors and Inhibitors 171 3.2 Signalling Mechanisms and Drug Resistance 172 3.2.1 Hedgehog Signalling Pathway 173 3.2.2 Notch Signalling Pathway 173 3.2.3 Wnt Signalling Pathway 173 3.3 Drug Resistance in TNBC 174 4 Targeted Drug Delivery 174 4.1 Targeted Drug Delivery with Nanoparticles 174 4.2 Properties of Nanoparticles 175 4.3 Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect 175 4.4 Targeted Therapy Strategies for Breast Cancer-Associated Receptors 176 4.5 Nanoparticles and siRNA 177 4.6 Nanoparticles and Signalling Mechanisms 178 5 Conclusion and Perspectives 178 References 179 Telomere Length and Oxidative Stress in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction 186 1 Introduction 187 2 Method 187 2.1 Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Research 187 2.2 Study Population 187 2.3 Coronary Angiography 188 2.4 Measurement of TAS and TOS 188 2.5 Measurement of Telomere Length 188 2.6 Statistical Analysis 189 3 Results 189 3.1 Characteristics of the Study Population and Telomere Length 189 3.2 Oxidative Stress and Telomere Length 191 4 Discussion 192 5 Study Limitations 197 References 197 Eosinophils as Major Player in Type 2 Inflammation: Autoimmunity and Beyond 199 1 Introduction 201 2 Eosinophils Biology 201 2.1 Granules 201 2.2 Activation 201 2.2.1 Classical Degranulation 203 2.2.2 Piecemeal Degranulation 203 2.2.3 Cytolysis with Granule Release 204 2.2.4 Eosinophil Extracellular Traps (EET) 204 2.3 Interplay with Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Type 2 Reactions 204 3 Tissue Homeostasis and Eosinophil Physiological Role 205 3.1 Infections 206 3.1.1 Eosinophils in Parasitic Infections 206 3.1.2 Eosinophils in Bacterial Infections 207 3.1.3 Eosinophils in Fungi Infections 208 3.1.4 Eosinophils in Viral Infections 208 COVID-19 209 4 Detrimental Type 2 Inflammation: Eosinophils as Mediator of Damage 209 4.1 When Things Go Wrong: Allergy 210 4.1.1 Atopic Dermatitis 210 4.1.2 Upper Airway Disorders 210 4.1.3 Asthma 211 4.2 Beyond Allergy: Eosinophils in Autoimmunity 212 4.2.1 Gastrointestinal Disorders: Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Gastritis, and Colitis 212 4.2.2 Eosinophilic Pneumonia 212 4.2.3 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome 213 4.2.4 EGPA 213 5 The Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Malignancy 213 5.1 Solid Tumors 214 5.2 Eosinophilia and Hematologic Malignancies 215 6 Conclusion 216 References 216 Index 222