CDN ED Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory

Copyright......Page 8 Preface......Page 21 Part I. Overview......Page 27 Chapter 1. Cognitive Psychology: History, Methods, and Paradigms......Page 28 Influences on the Study of Cognition......Page 31 Structuralism......Page 32 Functionalism......Page 33 Behaviourism......Page 34 Gestalt Psychology......Page 36 The Study of Individual Differences......Page 37 The “Cognitive Revolution”......Page 38 Current Trends in the Study of Cognition......Page 42 General Points......Page 43 Naturalistic Observation......Page 44 Controlled Observation and Clinical Interviews......Page 45 Experiments and Quasi-Experiments......Page 46 General Points......Page 47 Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology......Page 48 The Information-Processing Approach......Page 49 The Connectionist Approach......Page 50 The Evolutionary Approach......Page 52 The Ecological Approach......Page 53 General Points......Page 55 SUMMARY......Page 56 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 57 WEB RESOURCES......Page 58 Chapter 2. The Brain: An Overview of Structure and Function......Page 59 Structure of the Brain......Page 61 The Hindbrain and Midbrain......Page 62 The Forebrain......Page 63 Localization of Function......Page 66 Lateralization of Function......Page 70 Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 71 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 78 WEB RESOURCES......Page 79 Part II. Basic Cognitive Processes......Page 81 Chapter 3. Perceiving Objects and Recognizing Patterns......Page 82 Gestalt Approaches to Perception......Page 85 Bottom-Up Processes......Page 90 Template Matching......Page 91 Featural Analysis......Page 93 Prototype Matching......Page 97 Top-Down Processes......Page 101 Change Blindness......Page 104 The Word Superiority Effect......Page 106 A Connectionist Model of Word Perception......Page 108 A Neuroscientific Perspective on Word Perception......Page 110 Direct Perception......Page 112 Disruptions of Perception: Visual Agnosias......Page 116 SUMMARY......Page 120 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 121 WEB RESOURCES......Page 122 Chapter 4. Paying Attention......Page 123 Selective Attention......Page 125 Filter Theory......Page 127 Attenuation Theory......Page 131 Late-Selection Theory......Page 132 Attention, Capacity, and Mental Effort......Page 133 Automaticity and the Effects of Practice......Page 135 The Stroop Effect......Page 136 Automatic versus Attentional (Controlled) Processing......Page 137 Dual-Task Performance......Page 141 The Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)......Page 143 The Attention Hypothesis of Automatization......Page 145 Divided Attention Outside the Laboratory: Cell Phone Usage While Driving......Page 146 Spatial Cueing......Page 150 Visual Search......Page 151 Inattentional Blindness......Page 153 Neuroscientific Studies of Attention......Page 156 Networks of Visual Attention......Page 158 Event-Related Potentials and Selective Attention......Page 160 SUMMARY......Page 161 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 162 WEB RESOURCES......Page 163 Chapter 5. Memory Structures......Page 164 Types of Memory......Page 166 Sensory Memory......Page 167 The Icon......Page 168 The Echo......Page 170 Short-Term Memory......Page 171 Short-Term Store—Capacity......Page 173 Short-Term Store—Coding......Page 174 Short-Term Store—Retention Duration and Forgetting......Page 175 Short-Term Store—Retrieval of Information......Page 178 Long-Term Memory—Capacity......Page 180 Long-Term Memory—Retention Duration......Page 181 Long-Term Memory—Forgetting......Page 183 Long-Term Memory—Retrieval of Information......Page 188 Working Memory......Page 191 The Semantic/Episodic Distinction......Page 195 Neurological Studies of Memory......Page 197 SUMMARY......Page 200 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 201 COGLAB DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 202 WEB RESOURCES......Page 203 The Levels-of-Processing View......Page 204 The Reconstructive Nature of Memory......Page 207 Autobiographical Memory......Page 210 Flashbulb Memories......Page 212 Eyewitness Memory......Page 214 The Recovered/False Memory Debate......Page 216 Amnesia......Page 221 Anterograde Amnesia......Page 224 Retrograde Amnesia......Page 225 Semantic Memory......Page 228 The Hierarchical Semantic Network Model......Page 229 Connectionist Models......Page 232 Priming......Page 235 The Process Dissociation Framework......Page 238 SUMMARY......Page 240 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 241 WEB RESOURCES......Page 242 Part III. Representation and Organization of Knowledge......Page 243 Chapter 7. Concepts and Categorization......Page 244 The Classical View......Page 247 The Prototype View......Page 249 The Exemplar View......Page 254 The Knowledge-Based View......Page 257 Forming New Concepts and Classifying New Instances......Page 259 Concept Attainment Strategies......Page 260 Acquiring Prototypes......Page 262 Acquiring Concepts in the Brain......Page 263 Implicit Concept Learning......Page 264 Using and Forming Scripts......Page 269 Psychological Essentialism......Page 270 SUMMARY......Page 272 KEY TERMS......Page 273 WEB RESOURCES......Page 274 Chapter 8. Visual Imagery and Spatial Cognition......Page 275 Mnemonics......Page 277 The Dual-Coding Hypothesis......Page 280 The Relational-Organizational Hypothesis......Page 281 Empirical Investigations of Imagery......Page 282 Mental Rotation of Images......Page 284 Scanning Images......Page 289 The Nature of Mental Imagery......Page 294 Principles of Visual Imagery......Page 295 Critiques of Mental Imagery Research and Theory......Page 298 Neuropsychological Findings......Page 303 Spatial Cognition......Page 305 SUMMARY......Page 308 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 309 WEB RESOURCES......Page 310 Chapter 9. Language......Page 311 The Structure of Language......Page 314 Phonology......Page 316 Syntax......Page 318 Semantics......Page 322 Pragmatics......Page 324 Language Comprehension and Production......Page 325 Speech Perception......Page 326 Speech Errors in Production......Page 329 Retrieving Meaning—Single Words......Page 330 Sentence Comprehension......Page 332 Comprehending Text Passages......Page 334 Gricean Maxims of Conversation......Page 340 Language and Cognition......Page 344 The Modularity Hypothesis......Page 345 The Whorfian Hypothesis......Page 346 Neuropsychological Views and Evidence......Page 348 SUMMARY......Page 351 COGLAB DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 353 WEB RESOURCES......Page 354 Part IV. Using and Manipulating Information......Page 355 Chapter 10. Thinking, Problem Solving, and Reasoning......Page 356 Classic Problems and General Methods of Solution......Page 359 Generate-and-Test Technique......Page 360 Means–Ends Analysis......Page 361 Reasoning by Analogy......Page 363 Mental Set......Page 367 Lack of Problem-Specific Knowledge or Expertise......Page 370 Finding Creative Solutions......Page 373 Unconscious Processing and Incubation......Page 374 Everyday Mechanisms......Page 375 Reasoning......Page 377 Deductive Reasoning......Page 378 Inductive Reasoning......Page 382 Patterns of Reasoning Performance......Page 384 Two Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Reasoning......Page 386 Neuropsychological Evidence on Deductive Reasoning......Page 394 SUMMARY......Page 395 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 396 WEB RESOURCES......Page 397 Chapter 11. Making Decisions......Page 398 Setting Goals......Page 400 Structuring the Decision......Page 401 Evaluating......Page 402 Basic Concepts of Probability......Page 403 Cognitive Illusions in Decision Making......Page 405 Availability......Page 406 Representativeness......Page 408 Framing Effects......Page 411 Anchoring......Page 412 Illusory Correlation......Page 413 Hindsight Bias......Page 415 Confirmation Bias......Page 417 Overconfidence......Page 418 Utility Models of Decision Making......Page 420 Expected Utility Theory......Page 421 Image Theory......Page 423 Recognition-Primed Decision Making......Page 424 Decision Making, Emotions, and the Brain......Page 425 Improving Decision Making......Page 427 SUMMARY......Page 430 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 431 WEB RESOURCES......Page 432 Chapter 12. Individual, Aging, and Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 433 Intelligence......Page 434 Experts versus Novices......Page 438 Bilingualism......Page 442 Patterns of Preserved and Declining Functions......Page 444 Models of Age-Related Changes in Cognition......Page 446 Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging......Page 449 Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 454 Gender Differences in Skills and Abilities......Page 455 Cerebral Organization in Males and Females......Page 460 SUMMARY......Page 461 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 462 WEB RESOURCES......Page 463 Glossary......Page 464 References......Page 475 Author Index......Page 501 Subject Index......Page 511