CC Chatterjee's Human Physiology, Volume 1 (Cc Chatterjee's Human Physiology, 1), 12e (Jan 1, 2018)_(9789387964020)_(CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd, India)

Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Preface to the Twelfth Edition Preface to the First Edition Contents Section I: General Physiology 1. Homeostasis Introduction Role of Various Systems of Body in Homeostasis Feedback Homeostasis Regulations Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanism Example of Positive Feedback Mechanism lntemal Factors Influencing Homeostasis Extemal Factors Influencing Homeostasis Exam-Oriented Questions 2. Cell Physiology: Structure and Functions of Cell Organelle Introduction Cell Structure I. Cytoplasm Characteristic Features Membranous Organelles Cell Membrane The Fluid Mosaic Model Endoplasmic Reticulum (Ergastoplasm) Microsome and Microsomal Fractions Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex) Mitochondria Characteristic Features Lysosomes Characteristic Features Centrosome Characteristic Features II.Nucleus Characteristic Features Nucleolus Characteristic Features Structure of Nucleus Chromatin Characteristic Features Chromosomes Structures of Chromosomes Gene Expression and Regulation Genes and Genetic Diseases Cytoplasmic Inclusion Endogenous Pigments Exogenous Pigments Cell Division and Nuclear Division Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase lnterphase Meiosis Amitosis Life Cycle of Cells Formation of Tissue, Organ and System Tissue Organ Special Structural Features of Cells Cell Junctions Molecular Motors Apoptosis Exam-Oriented Questions Recent Advances: Stem Cell Research Reference Recent Advances: Chromosome Protection by Telomere Reference 3. Transport Across Cell Membrane Introduction Important Concepts in Transport Mechanism Membrane Transport: Active Transport ABC Transporters Vesicular Transport Mechanisms Recent Advances: Vesicular Transport Mechanism Reference Nobel Prize 2016: Autophagy Reference 4. Membrane Potential Introduction Role of Ion in Generating Membrane Potential Physico-chemical Principles involved in Generating RMP Nernst Potential Goldman-Hodgkin and Katz (GHK) Equation Gibbs-Donnan Membrane Equilibrium Recording of Membrane Potential Graded Potential and Action Potential Action Potential Characteristics of Action Potential Nerve Action Potential Ionic Basis of Action Potential Cardiac Action Potentials Property of Action Potential Ion Channel Studies Procedures Recent Advances: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine Reference Exam-Oriented Questions 5. Body Fluids and Blood Volume Introduction Total Body Water and its Distribution Extracellular Fluid Compartment Intracellular Fluid Compartment Measurement of Body Fluid Compartments Total Body Water Extracellular Fluid Volume Blood Volume Variations Under Different Physiological Conditions Methods of Determination of Blood Volume Direct Method Indirect Method Dye Method Radioactive Methods Regulation of Blood Volume Intracellular Fluid Measurement Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Body Fluids Exam-Oriented Questions Clinical Case Scenario General Physiology Section II: Blood 6. Composition and Functions of Blood Introduction Functions of Blood Composition of Blood Relative Volume of Corpuscles and Plasma 7. Specific Gravity of Blood Introduction Method of Determination Significance 8. Plasma Proteins Introduction Plasma Proteins Varieties Chemistry and Separation of Plasma Proteins Serum Albumin Serum Globulin Gamma Globulin Fibrinogen Separation of Plasma Protein Origin of Plasma Proteins Rate of Regeneration of Plasma Proteins: Whipple's Experiment Functions of Plasma Protein Intrinsic Signals Proteins 9. Viscosity and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Introduction Viscosity Suspension Stability of Blood ESR Increased and Decreased Significance of ESR The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Stages Physiological Variations in ESR 10. Coagulation of Blood Introduction Importance of Coagulation of Blood Mechanism of Coagulation or Clotting of Blood General Characteristics of Coagulation Blood Coagulation Factors Other Important Factors Participating in Coagulation Mechanism Extrinsic and Intrinsic Mechanisms of Coagulation of Blood Clot Retraction Fibrinolysis Plasminogen Natural Inhibitors of Coagulation Intravascular Clotting or Thrombosis Heparin as an anticoagulant Factors Preventing Coagulation Factors Hastening Coagulation Methods of Determination of Coagulation of Blood Coagulation Disorders 11. Functions of Bone Marrow Bone Marrow Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone Marrow Vascular Arrangement in the Bone Marrow Method of Examining Bone Marrow Functions of Bone Marrow Formed Elements of Blood Precursors of Blood Cells 12. Red Blood Corpuscles (Erythrocytes) Introduction Composition of the Red Cells Variations of Red Cell Count under Various Physiological Conditions Development of Red Blood Corpuscles Stages of Blood Formation in the Embryo and Foetus Stages of Development Factors Controlling Erythropoiesis Energy Metabolism of RBC RBC Lifespan and Destruction Functions of Red Blood Corpuscles 13. Haemoglobin Introduction Chemistry Structure of Haemoglobin Haemoglobin Varieties Causes of Inclusion of the Haemoglobin in Red Cells Synthesis of Haemoglobin Amount of Haemoglobin in Normal Blood Methods of Estimation of Haemoglobin Variations of HB Under Different Physiological Conditions Derivatives of Haemoglobin 14. Iron Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion Introduction Absorption and Transport Absorption of Iron Iron in Blood Storage of Iron Excretion Functions of Iron Applied: Iron Deficiency Anaemia 15. Anaemia, Polycythemia, Osmotic Fragility and Blood Indices Introduction Classification of Anaemia Aplastic Anaemia Pernicious Anaemia and Magaloblastic Anaemia Nutritional Anaemia Iron Deficiency Anaemia Sickle Cell Anaemia Thalassemia Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Congenital Spherocytosis Haemolytic Anaemia Polycythemia Blood Indices 16. White Blood Cells and Platelets White Blood Cells Variations in Normal Count of White Blood Corpuscles Classification and Differential Count of White Blood Corpuscles or Leucocytes Granular Leucocytes or Granulocytes Neutrophil Arneth Count or Arneth Index (Modified by Von Bonsdorff and Later by Cooke) Arneth Index Schilling Index Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocytes Small Lymphocyte Large Lymphocyte Monocytes Development of Leucocytes Development of Granular Leucocytes or Granulocytes Development of Lymphocytes Role of Lymphocyte in Immunology Functions of WBC Control of Leucopoiesis Abnormal Variation in White Blood Corpuscles Count Platelets Methods of Counting of Platelets Development of Platelets Functions of Platelets 17. Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion Blood Groups A, B and O Groups Agglutinogens Rh Factor Erythroblastosis Foetalis Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn M and N Factors: Medicolegal Significance Blood Transfusion: Blood Groups Indications for Blood Transfusion Autologous Transfusion Mismatched Blood Transfusion Blood Bank 18. Formation of Tissue Fluids Introduction Tissue Activities Composition of Tissue Fluid Functions of Tissue Fluid Oedema and its causes Lymph and lymphatics Properties of Lymph Composition of Lymph Factors Responsible for Formation of Lymph Lymph Node Structure of Lymph Node Functions of Lymph Node Spleen Structure of Spleen Splenic Pulp Marginal Zone Functions of Spleen Classification, Varieties and Distribution of RE Cells Fixed Reticulo-endothelial Cells Wandering Reticulo-endothelial Cells Functions of the Reticulo-endothelial System 19. Immunity Introduction Innate Defenses First Line of Defense Second Line of Defense Complement Adaptive Defenses Development of the Acquired Immune System Humoral Immunity Acquired Humoral Response: Formation of Primary and Secondary Antibodies Types of Acquired Immunity Antibody Mediated Humoral Response Cell-mediated Immune Response T Cell Activation T Cell Role Organ Transplant Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Hypersensitivity Clinical Case Scenario Blood Recent Advances: Innate Immunity 2008 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine:HIV VIRUS Notable Contributions: Diseases, Drugs,Immunity and Recovery Section III: Nerve and Muscle 20. Structure and Functions of Neuron Introduction Histological Structure Neuron Structure of Nerve Fibres Neuroglia Functions of Neuroglia Axonal Transport and Nourishment of Neurons Role of Neurotrophins in Neuronal Development 21. Properties, Classification of Nerve Fibres and Nerve Action Potential Introduction: Properties of Nerve Fibres 1. Excitability Generation of Action Potential and Excitability of the Nerve Ionic Basis of Excitability of Nerve Compound Action Potential 2. Conductivity 3. All-or-none Law 4. Refractory Period 5. Summation 6. Adaptation 7. Accommodation 8. Indefatigability Metabolism in Nerve Fibres Heat Production in Nerve Fibre Mechanism of Conduction of the Nerve Impulse Physiological Properties of the Nerve Fibres Nerve Injury Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Sunderland Classification of Nerve Injury Wallerian Degeneration Regeneration Transneuronal Degeneration Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 22. Neuromuscular Junction Introduction Anatomical Considerations Synthesis of Acetylcholine in Motor Neuron Sequence of Events in Neuromuscular Transmission Neuromuscular Blockers Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Synopsis of the Neurophysiological Mechanism 23. Classification of Muscular Tissue Introduction Cohnheim's Area Fibroblast Muscle Classification 24. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Introduction Distribution Origin and Development General Features Histological Structure of Muscle Fibres Myofibrils Myosin Filaments Actin Filament Sarcotubular System Blood Vessels, Lymphatics and Nerves of Skeletal Muscle Ending of Muscle in Tendon Red and White (or Pale) Muscles 25. Muscle Contraction Introduction Mechanism of Contraction Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Mechanism of Relaxation Changes during Muscular Contraction Role of Creatine Phosphate or Phosphagen and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Muscular Contraction and its Relationship with the Breakdown of ATP Utilization of other Fuels during Muscular Contraction Oxygen Utilization and CO2 Production Cori Cycle Thermal Changes Electrical Changes Chronaxie and Rheobase Muscular Disorders 26. Properties of Skeletal Muscle Introduction: Properties of Skeletal Muscle 1. Excitability and Contractility 2. Refractory Period 3. Tonicity 4. Conductivity 5. Extensibility and Elasticity Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 27. Cardiac Muscle Introduction Fine Structure Sarcotubular System Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Transmission of Impulse and Mechanism of Contraction Intercalated (Intercalary) Discs Blood Vessels, Lymphatics and Nerves of Cardiac Muscle 28. Smooth Muscles Introduction Distribution Origin and Development Histology Contractile Mechanism Properties of Plain (Smooth) Muscles Factors Affecting the Activity of Plain Muscle Excitability and Contractility Functions of the Muscular Tissue Rigor Mortis Clinical Case Scenario Nerve Muscle Recent Update: A Newly Discovered Muscle: The Tensor of the Vastus lntermedius Section IV: Cardiovascular System 29. Introduction to Cardiovascular System Introduction Anatomical Considerations of the Heart Valves of the Heart Action of the Valves Histology of the Cardiac Muscle Arterioles Capillaries Sinusoids Valves of the Veins Blood Vessels (Vasa Vasorum) Lymphatics of Blood Vessels Special Junctional Tissues Sino-atrial Node Atrioventricular Node Bundle of HIS Purkinje Fibres 30. Initiation and Spread of Cardiac Impulse Origin of the Heartbeat Conduction Over Atrial Muscle Conduction Over AV Node Conduction Over Bundle of His and the Right and Left Bundle Branches Conduction through Purkinje Systems Conduction through Ventricular Muscle Heart Block 31. Properties of Cardiac Muscle Introduction 1. Rhythmicity 2. Excitability 3. Conduction 4. Contraction 5. All-or-none Response 6. Staircase Phenomenon 7. Refractory Period 8. Tone 9. Functional Syncytium 32. Cardiac Cycle Introduction Cardiac Cycle Time Interrelations of the Various Events in the Cardiac Cycle The Inner Ring Represents the Atrial Events and the Outer Ring Represents Ventricular Events Let us now follow the Ventricular Events in the Outer Ring Let us follow the Outer Ring Further Let us Again follow the Ventricular Diastole on the Outer Ring Summary of the Sequence of Events in Cardiac Cycle Time Relations of the Various Events Summary of the Time Relations 33. Pressure and Volume Changes during Cardiac Cycle Introduction Methods of Study Pressure Changes Volume Changes Intraventricular Pressure Changes Jugular Pressure Tracing Ventricular Volume Changes Heart Sounds Cause of Heart Sound First Heart Sound Second Heart Sound Third Heart Sound Fourth Heart Sound Composite Representation of The Sequential Changes in the Pressure and Volume Events in the Heart and Blood Vessels during the Cardiac Cycle Correlating with Phonocardiogram and Electrocardiogram 34. Electrocardiogram Introduction Methods of Recording Electrocardiogram Electrocardiographic Leads Used both Clinically and Experimentally Standard Limb Leads Normal ECG Recorded in Standard Limb Leads Interpretation of Human Electrocardiogram Unipolar Limb Leads Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads Normal ECG Recorded in Chest Leads Significance of Various Leads and their Limitations Electrocardiographic Appearances under Certain Cardiac Disorders Heart Block Ventricular Premature Beat or Extra Systole Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Myocardial Infarction Mean Electrical Axis of the Heart Determination of Electrical Axis Ventricular Conditions that may Cause Axis Deviation ECG Changes due to Altered Ionic Composition 35. Innervations of Heart and Heart Rate Introduction Nerves of the Heart and their Action Vagus Nerves Tonic Action of the Vagus Nerves Stimulation of the Vagus Nerves Sympathetic Nerves Effects of Stimulation of the Sympathetic Nerves Cardiac Centres Heart Rate Regulation of Heart Rate Factors Affecting Heart Rate 36. Cardiac Output Introduction Distribution of Cardiac Output Cardiac Reserve Control of Cardiac Output Venous Return Force of Heartbeat Frequency of Heartbeat Relation with Peripheral Resistance Methods of Measuring Cardiac Output 1. Dye Method: Stewart and Hamilton's Dye Dilution Method 2. Fick Principle Using 02 and CO2 3. Physical Method: Ballistocardiography 4. Thermo-dilution Method (Cold Saline Method) 5. Doppler Echocardiography 37. Blood Pressure Introduction Basal Blood Pressure Physiological Variations Significance of Blood Pressure Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure Pulse Pressure Physiological Significance of Blood Pressure Measurement and Recording of Blood Pressure Arterial Blood Pressure Venous Pressure Factors Controlling Arterial Blood Pressure Adjustment of Blood Pressure Efferent Pathways of this Self-adjustment or Homoeostasis of Blood Pressure Vasomotor System 1. Vasomotor Centre (VMC) 2. Vasoconstrictor Nerves 3. Vasodilator Nerves Para-sympathetic (Cranio-sacral) Vasodilators Sympathetic Vasodilators Antidromic Vasodilators Afferent Pathways Role of Sino-aortic Mechanism in the Regulation of Normal Blood Pressure Sino-aortic Mechanism Chemoreceptors Location Aortic Bodies Vascular Receptors other than Sino-aortic for the Control of Blood Pressure and Flow As Chemoreceptors Mechanism of Regulation of Blood Pressure I. Short-term Regulating Mechanisms Baroreceptor Reflex Chemoreceptor Reflex CNS Ischaemic Response II. Intermediate Mechanism of Regulation of Blood Pressure 1. Stress relaxation of vasculature: 2. Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism III Long-term Regulation of Blood Pressure IV. Role of other Hormone in Regulation of Blood Pressure Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) V. Role of Humoral Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators Humoral Vasoconstrictors Humoral Vasodilators VI. Chemical Control of Blood Pressure Influenced by Vasomotor Mechanism 38. Velocity of Blood Flow and Radial Pulse Introduction Velocity of Blood Methods of Measurement of Velocity of Blood Mean Volume Flow Radial Pulse Pressure Pulse Velocity of Pulse Wave Recording of Radial Pulse Clinical Features of Radial Pulse Special Varieties of Pulse Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter 39. Regional Circulation Introduction Coronary Circulation Anatomical Considerations Arterial Supply Venous Drainage Anastomosis Methods of Study Normal Values Variations of Coronary Inflow during Different Phases of Cardiac Cycle Factors Influencing Coronary Circulation Circulatory Status of the Cardiac Muscle under Certain Diseased Conditions Coronary Spasms and Intercoronary Reflexes Cerebral Circulation Method of Study: Nitrous Oxide Method: Fick Principle Vasomotor Supply Normal Values of Cerebral Circulation Regulation of Cerebral Circulation Existence of Auto-regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow Factors Controlling Cerebral Circulation Cerebrovascular Resistance Pulmonary Circulation Anatomy of Circulation Method of Recording Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Vasomotor Supply Normal Values of Pulmonary Circulation Functions of Pulmonary Circulation Control of Pulmonary Circulation Peculiarities of Pulmonary Circulation Effect of Respiration on the Systemic Blood Pressure Pulmonary Vascular Reflex Pulmonary Depressor Chemoreflex (Paintal, 1955) Circulatory Status in Different Cardiopulmonary Diseases Hepatic Circulation Vascular Arrangement Vasomotor Supply Normal Values of Hepatic Circulation Factors Modifying Hepatic Circulation Peculiarities of Hepatic Circulation Splenic Circulation Control of Blood Flow Renal Circulation Capillary Circulation Methods of Study of Capillary Circulation Vasomotor Supply Control of Capillary Circulation Cutaneous Circulation Anatomy of Cutaneous Circulation Rate of Blood Flow Regulation of Blood Flow: Nervous Control Vascular Response of Skin Auto-regulation of Skin Blood Flow Skeletal Muscle circulation Rate of Blood Flow Through Muscle Control of Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow 40. Physiology of Exercise Introduction Muscular Exercise Changes in Cardiovascular System 1. Heart Rate Changes during Exercise 2. Circulatory Status during Exercise 3. Changes in Respiration Oxygen Exchange during Exercise 4. Blood Cell Changes during Exercise 5. Body Temperature 6. Body Fluid Changes during Exercise 7. Kidney Function in Exercise 8. Digestive System 9. Endocrine Status Aerobic Training Role of Nutrition in Exercise Over-exercising and Ill Effects on Health 41. Applied Cardiovascular Physiology: Haemorrhage, Heart Failure, Hypotension, Hypertension and Shock Haemorrhage Definition Effects of Haemorrhage Role of Atrial and Ventricular Receptors and the Sino-aortic Baroreceptors Compensatory Changes After Haemorrhage 1. Changesin the cardiovascular system 2. Changes in respiration 3. Renal changes 4. Restoration of blood Clinical Aids Heart Failure Types of Heart Failure Left-sided heart failure Right-sided Heart Failure Congestive heart failure Role of Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure Management and Prevention Hypotension Orthostatic Hypotension Hypertension Signs and Symptoms Primary Hypertension Secondary Hypertension Malignant Hypertension Isolated Systolic Hypertension White Coat Hypertension Resistant Hypertension Pathophysiology of Hypertension Compensatory Mechanism Management of Hypertension Shock Types of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Cardiogenic Shock Obstructive Shock Distributive Shock a. Septicaemia b. Anaphylactic shock c. Neurogenic shock Clinical Features of Shock Stages of Shock 1. Non-progressive (Compensated) Stage 2. Progressive Stage 3. Irreversible Stage 1. Hypovolemic shock 2. Cardiogenic shock 3. Obstructive Shock 4. Distributive Shock Physiological Process in Shock 1. Cardiac Reflexes 2. Sympathetic Nervous System 3. Renin-angiotensin Axis 4. Stretch Relaxation 5. Anti-diuretic Hormone 6. Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism 7. Vasodilators Overriding of Compensatory Mechanism Physiology of Treatment in Shock Clinical Case Scenario Cardiovascular System Important Cardiovascular Research Study: Framingham Heart Study First Cardiac Catheterization and Future Development of Technique Open-heart Surgery Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Research Section V: Respiratory System 42. Functional Organization of Respiratory System Definition Structure of the Respiratory Tract Trachea Functions of Respiratory Tract 1. Filtering Effects 2. Air-conditioning Effects 3. Cough Reflex 4. Sneeze Reflex Respiratory Units Broncho-pulmonary Anastomosis Pulmonary Alveoli Functions of Respiration Pleural Cavity and Intra-pleural Pressure Intra-pleural Pressure Surface Tension at the Fluid-Air Interface within the Alveoli and the Role of Surfactant Pressure Changes in the Pleural Cavity and its Relation to Volume Changes in the Lungs 43. Mechanics of Breathing Introduction Diaphragm Intercostal Muscles Motion of the Ribs during Inspiration and Expiration Accessory Muscles of Respiration Resistance to Breathing Elastic Resistance Viscous or Non-elastic Resistance 44. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities (Spirometry) Introduction Lung Volumes Tidal Volume Respiratory Minute Volume (RMV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume (RV) Lung Capacities Inspiratory Capacity (IC) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Vital Capacity (VC) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 (FEV1) Second FEV1/FVC Ratio (FEV1%) Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Breathing Reserve (BR) Applied Physiology: Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease 45. Alveolar Ventilation and Gases Exchange Introduction Respiratory 'Dead Space' Definition Measurement of Dead Space Volume Nitrogen Meter Method Intrapulmonary Gas-mixing or Even Distribution of Inspired Air Methods of Detection of Uneven Ventilation Alveolar Air Method of Collection of Alveolar Air Otis-Rahn Method Method of Analysis of Alveolar Air Composition of Alveolar Air Partial Pressure of Gases in Inspired Air, Expired Air and Alveolar Air Method of Measurement of Alveolar and Arterial pCO2 Effect of Voluntary Hyperpnoea on Alveolar Air Effects of High Altitude on Alveolar Oxygen Factors Controlling Alveolar pCO2 Physiological Shunt 46. Ventilation and Perfusion in Lungs Diffusion Factors Controlling Diffusion Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity for O2 (DO2) Diffusion of CO2 Perfusion 47. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Introduction Oxygen Transport 02 Capacity, 02 Content and Percentage Saturation of Haemoglobin O2 Content 1. 02 Capacity 2. Saturation of Haemoglobin Dissociation Curve for Haemoglobin Delivery of O2 in the Tissues in Anaemia Oxygen Exchange in the Lungs Oxygen Transport in the Tissues Carbon Dioxide Transport CO2 Content and Tension of Blood CO2 in Physical Solution Mechanism of Formation of CO2 CO2 Transport in the Tissues CO2 Transport in the RBC Carriage of CO2 as Carbamino-compound O2 Transport in the Lungs Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curves 48. Regulation of Respiration Introduction Respiratory Centre Pneumotaxic Area Apneustic Area Botzinger Complex Mechanism of Rhythmic Respiration Nervous Control of Respiration Role of Abdominal Muscles in Respiration Role of Reflex in Respiration The Hering-Breuer Reflexes Inflation Reflex Deflation Reflex Irritant Receptors Impulses from Ascending Tracts of the Spinal Cord Muscular Proprioceptors Deglutition Juxtapulmonary Receptors: J Reflex Hiccup Cough Reflex Sneezing Reflex Reflexes from Sino-aortic Zone Baroreceptor Reflex Distension of Pulmonary Vascular Bed Voluntary Control of Respiration Chemical Control of Respiration CO2 and Respiration 1. Central chemoreceptors 2. Peripheral Chemoreceptors Role of Central Versus Peripheral Chemoreceptors in Normal Respiratory Drive Oxygen Tension and Breathing Ventilation during Exercise Chemical Factors Nervous Factors Influencing Respiration Periodic Breathing Cheyne-Stokes Breathing Mechanism of Cheyne-Stokes Breathing 49. Hypoxia Definition Classification of Hypoxia Anoxic Hypoxia or Arterial Hypoxia Causes of Arterial Hypoxia Anaemic Hypoxia Stagnant Hypoxia or Hypokinetic Hypoxia Histotoxic Hypoxia Altitude Hypoxia Respiratory Changes in Hypoxia: Acute and Chronic at High Altitude Respiration in Altitude Hypoxia in Unacclimatised Subjects Respiration in Subjects Exposed to Hypoxia of Long Duration (Acclimatised Subjects) Oxygen Therapy in Hypoxia Dyspnoea Dyspnoea due to Alteration in Chemical Composition of Blood Factors Affecting Diffusion of Gases Across the Alveolo-capillary Membrane (Alveolo-capillary Block Syndrome) Excessive Work of the Respiratory Muscles Applied Physiology Psychogenic or Emotional Dyspnoea 50. Compressed Air Sickness Dysbarism (Caisson Disease) 51. Respiration in Abnormal Conditions Asphyxia Definition Classification Essential Conditions of Asphyxia Hyperpnoea Causes Effects of Voluntary Hyperpnoea Orthopnoea Cyanosis Factors Causing Cyanosis Applied Physiology Asthma Acute Bronchitis Chronic Bronchitis Atelectasis Emphysema Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Newborn Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 52. Artificial Respiration or Resuscitation Indication Principle Methods of Artificial Respiration Manual Methods Schafer's Method Sylvester's Method Holger-Nielsen Method Mouth-to-mouth Method Eve's Rocking Method Instrumental Method Drinker's Method Resuscitator In the Newborn Baby 53. Acclimatization Compensatory Changes at Moderately High Altitude Changes in Acclimatisation Natural Acclimatisation of Natives Residing at High Altitude Untitled Acute Mountain Sickness Mountaineering Atmosphere High Altitude Physiology Hypoxia Problem Faced by Aviators Hypoxia Radiation Hazards Dysbarism at High Altitude (Decompression Sickness) Explosive Decompression Effect of Centrifugal Acceleratory Forces Protection of Body against Centrifugal Acceleratory Forces Parachute Jump Weightlessness in Space (Zero-G State) 54. Underwater Physiology Introduction Nitrogen Oxygen Mechanism of Oxygen Poisoning Carbon Dioxide Helium Underwater Respiration SCUBA Diving 55. Vocalisation Introduction Articulation and Resonance Respiratory System Recent Advances Section VI: Gastro-intestinal Tract 56. General Outline of Digestive System Introduction Anatomical Consideration Histological Structure Innervation of the Digestive Tract Details of Extrinsic Nerve Supply Functions of the Digestive System Histology of Tongue Glands Nerve Supply Functions Salivary Glands Histology of Salivary Glands Pharynx or Throat Cavity Oesophagus Histology Stomach Histology of Stomach Functions of Stomach Small Intestine Vermiform Appendix Large Intestine Rectum Anal Canal Brief Summary of the Chief Identifying Features of Different Part of the Digestive Tract 57. Digestive Juices Introduction Saliva Characteristics Composition Functions Gastric Juice Composition Characteristics Functions Pancreatic Juice Characteristics Constituents Inorganic Consituents Organic Constituents Succus Entericus Characteristics Composition Intestinal Juice Enzymes Carbohydrate Splitting Functions Biles Introduction Composition of Bile Functions of Bile Bile Salts Variety and Chemistry Synthesis of Bile Salts Enterohepatic Circulation and Fate of Bile Salts Functions of Bile Salts Bile Pigments Chemistry and Varieties Origin and Formation Red Blood Cell Lysis Site of Formation, Circulation and Fate 58. Mechanism of Secretion of Various Digestive Juices Introduction Types of Stimuli Nerve Supply of Salivary Glands Significance of Double Nerve Supply Conditioned Reflex Unconditioned Reflex Disturbances of Salivary Secretion Hyposalivation Hypersalivation Mechanism of Gastric Secretion Experiments 1. Sham Feeding 2. Pavlov's Pouch Mechanism of Secretion Nervous Phase Cephalic Phase Gastric Phase (Hormonal) Nature and Action of Gastrin Response to Food Intestinal Phase Interdigestive Phase Hormones on Gastric Secretion Effects of Various Chemicals and Drugs on Gastric Secretion Interrelation between the Different Phases Investigation of Gastric Secretion in Man Other Functional Tests Histamine Test of Gastric Sceretion Insulin Test of Gastric Secretion Oesophagogastro-duodenoscopy Gastric Tissue Biopsy Origin and Character of the Important Constituents of Gastric Juice Hydrochloric Acid Applied Physiology: Peptic Ulcer Drug Management of Peptic Ulcer Pepsin Mucin Intrinsic Factor Neuropoietic Factor Pancreas Development Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretions Nervous Phase Chemical Phase Secretin Cholecystokinin Pancreozymin Influence of Various Foodstuffs on Pancreatic Secretion Pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Mechanism of Bile Secretion Mechanism of Secretion The following Substances are Found to Stimulate Bile Secretion l. Bile salts 2. Influence of foodstuff 3. Hormone: Storage of Bile Mechanism of Expulsion of Bile Factors Controlling Movements of Gall Bladder Reflex Control of Gall Bladder Chemical Control of Gall Bladder Experiment Mechanism Functions of Gall Bladder Applied Physiology Gall stones Mechanism of Secretion of Succus Entericus (Intestinal Juice) Mechanism Enterocrinin Applied Physiology Malabsorption Syndrome Blind Loop Syndrome Interactions of Gastro-intestinaI Hormones Metabolic Effects of Castro-intestinal Hormones Summary of Secretions of the Various Digestive Juices Salivary Secretion Gastric Secretion: Experiments: Sham Feeding and Pavlov's pouch Pancreatic Secretion Bile Secretion Humoral mechanism of secretion of GIT For Gastric Secretion For Pancreatic Secretion For Succus Entericus For Bile Secretion 59. Movements of Alimentary Canal Introduction Facts about Movement Cause of Movements Relation with Degree of Activity Deglutition 1. First Stage 2. Second Stage Mechanism of Protection of Airway during the Passage of Food through the Pharyngeal Crossroads 3. Third Stage Common Disturbances in the Swallowing Reflux